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Full text search for all issues, and other additional search functionality, will be added in 2022. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890–1914 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context The-Author-Issues Publication Date The date of an event (in YYYY, YYYY-MM or YYYY-MM-DD format) 1894-05-01 Volume 4 Issue 12 Pages Page range in volume 421–452 Ngram Date Version of the date in YYYYMMDD format for use by the Ngram plugin 18940501 Ngram Text Version of the text with no HTML formatting for use by the Ngram plugin Che BMuthor. The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.) CONDUCTED BY WALTER BESANT. Vou. IV.—No. 12.] MAY 1, 1804. [Prick SIXPENCE. CONTENTS. PAGE : PAGE Warnings and Notices ait aoe eee cs ae oe wee 423 Notes and News. By the Editor... ve ase es ee wee 435 Literary Property.—1. Secret Profits. ‘‘Some Points.” ‘‘ From English Rabelaisians. By G. L. Apperson... an cee ... 438 a Publisher.” ‘ From the Editor.”—2. Thirteen as Twelve.— Correspondence.—l. Herbert Spencer and Literature.—2. The 3. The Transference of a Title.—4. Cox v. Bayles.—5. British Casual Contributor.—3. Industrial England.—4. An Adver- Copyright in Canada.—é. Curious Clauses.—7. Music Copy- tising Firm.—5. The Experience of a Failure.—t. Printing rights.—8. Right of Appearance -.- acs Bee se5 eos 425 Abroad.—7. A Handbook for Authors.—8. A Recent Experi- ‘* Esther Waters.” A Review ..- = ee ae A ..- 430 ence.—9. The Right of Appearance... me Sh oc a. 439 Book Talk. ByJ. W.S. ... ie eee tee a aes wee 432 ‘* At the Sign of the Author’s Head” ... aos ate ie wee 444 So-so Sociology Se ew aes a es eee wee 484 Obituary ae on as = on = ae ie wes 446 San Francisco Literary Congress aes oe Soe on wee 435 New Books and New Editions... vee ae en se woe 447 PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY. 1. The Annual Report. That for January 1893 can be had on application to the Secretary. 9. The Author. A Monthly Journal devoted especially to the protection and maintenance of Literary Property. Issued to all Members. Back numbers are offered at the following prices : Vol. I., 108. 6d. (Bound) ; Vols. II. and IIL., 8s. 6d. each (Bound). 3. The Grievances of Authors. (The Leadenhall Press.) 1s. The Report of three Meetings on the general subject of Literature and its defence, held at Willis’s Rooms, March, 1887. 4. Literature and the Pension List, By W.Morgris Cotes, Barrister-at-Law. (Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C.) 3s. 6, The History of the Société des Gens de Lettres. By S. Squrre Spriaex, late Secretary to the Society. Is. 6. The Cost of Production. In this work specimens are given of the most important forms of type, size of page, &c., with estimates showing what it costs to produce the more common kinds of books. Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C. 2s. 6d. 7. The Various Methods of Publication. By S. Squire Sprices. In this work, compiled from the papers in the Society’s offices, the various forms of agreements proposed by Publishers to ‘Authors are examined, and their meaning carefully explained, with an account of the various kinds of fraud which have been made possible by the different clauses in their agreements. Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C. 3s. 8. Copyright Law Reform. An Exposition of Lord Monkswell’s Copyright Bill now before Parlia- ment. With Extracts from the Report of the Commission of 1878, and an Appendix containing the Berne Convention and the American Copyright Bill, By J. M. Lexy. Eyre and Spottiswoode. 1s. 6d. 9. The Society of Authors. A Record of its Action from its Foundation. By WautEer Besant (Chairman of Committee, 1888—1892). Is. 422 ADVERTISEMENTS. Che Sociely of Authors (Bncorporated). PRESIDENT. GHRORGH MEREDITE,. Sir Epwin ARNOLD, K.C.1.E., C.8.1. ALFRED AUSTIN. J. M. Barriz. A. W. A Beoxert. RoBERT BATEMAN. Sim Henry Brerene, K.C.M.G. WALTER BESANT. AUGUSTINE BIRRELL, M.P. Rev. Pror. Bonney, F.B.S. Riautr Hon. James Brycx, M.P. Hat Carine. Earrtron Casruz, F.S.A. P. W. CLAYDEN. Epwakrp CLopp. W. Morris Couuzs. Hon. JoHn Conuier. W. Martin Conway. F. Marion CRAwForp. OswaLp CRAWFURD, C.M.G. COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT. Chairman—St1rz FREDERICK PoLLock, Bart, LL.D. A. W.A Becxert. WALTER BESANT. EGERTON CASTLE. W. Morris Cones. Solicitors—Messrs. FIELD, Roscoz, and Co., Lincoln’s Inn Fields. COUNCIL. THE EARL oF Dusart. Austin Dosson. A. Conan Doyxz, M.D. A. W. Duzsovura. J. Eric Ericusen, F.R.S. Pror. Micuarn Foster, F.R.S. Ricut Hon. HERBERT GARDNER, M.P. RicHarp Garnett, LL.D. Epmunp Gossz. H. Riper Haaearp. THomas Harpy. Jerome K. JzERomn. Rupyarp Kipuina. Pror. E. Ray Lanxestsr, F.R.S. J. M. Ley. Rev. W. J. Lorin, F.S.A. A. C. Macxenzin, Mus.D. Pror. Max-MUuer. Pror. J. M. D. Merxnrgoun. Hon. Counsel — E. M. UNpERDOwN, Q. Hon. JoHN CoLurer, W. Martin Conway. H. Riper Haaearp. J. M. Leny. Secretary—G. Hersert THRING, B.A. Herman ©. MeRivaue. Rev. C. H. MippLEeton-WAKE. Lewis Morris. J. C. PARKINSON. Ear. or PEMBROKE AND MONTGOMERY Sim FrepErick Pouiock, Bart., LL.D. WALTER Herrizs Pouuock. A. G. Ross. GEorGE AuGusTus SALA. W. Baptiste Scoonzs. G. R. Sums. S. Squire Spriaaer. J. J. StEVENSON. Jas. SULLY. Witi1am Moy Tuomas. H. D. Trait, D.C.L. EK. M. UnpEeRpown, Q.C. Baron Henry pz Worms, M.P.,F.R.S. Epmunp YATEs. C. A.C. Macxernzin, Mus.D. A. G. Ross. S. SqurrE Spriaas. OFFICES: 4, Portuaan Street, Lincoun’s INN Fieips, W.C. Windsor House PRINTING WORKS, BREAM’S BUILDINGS, E.C. OFFICES OF “‘THE FIELD,” ‘‘ THE QUEEN,” “THE LAW TIMES,” &c. Mr. HORACE COX, Printer to the Authors’ Society, takes the opportunity of informing Authors that, having a very large office, and an extensive plant of type of every description, he is in a position to EXECUTE any PRINTING they may entrust to his care. ESTIMATES FORWARDED, AND REASONABLE CHARGES WILL BE FOUND. The HMutbor, (The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.) CONDUCTED BY WALTER BESANT. Vou. IV.—No. 12.] MAY 1, 1894. [Prick SIXPENCE. For the Opinions expressed in papers that are signed or initialled the Authors alone are responsible. None of the papers or pard- graphs must be taken as expressing the collective opinions of the committee unless they are officially signed by G. Herbert Thring, Sec. ae Secretary of the Society begs to give notice that all remittances are acknowledged by return of post, and requests that all members not receiving an answer to important communications within two days will write to him without delay. All remittances should be crossed Union Bank of London, Chancery-lane, or be sent by registered letter only. Communications and letters are invited by the Editor on all subjects connected with literature, but on no other sub- jects whatever. Articles which cannot be accepted are returned if stamps for the purpose accompany the MSS. es WARNINGS AND ADVICE. T is not generally understood that the author, as the vendor, has the absolute right of drafting the agree- ment upon whatever terms the transaction is to be carried out. Authors are strongly advised to exercise that right. Inevery other form of business, the right of drawing the agreement rests with him who sells, leases, or has the control of the property. i . of the Author and members of the Society are earnestly desired to make the following warnings as widely known as possible. They are based on the experience of nine years’ work by which the dangers to which literary property is especially exposed have been discovered :— 1. Sprr1at Ricurs.—In selling Serial Rights stipulate that you are selling the Serial Right for one paper at a certain time only, otherwise you may find your work serialized for years, to the detriment of your volume form. 2. Stamp your AGREEMENTS. — Readers are most URGENTLY warned not to neglect stamping their agreements immediately after signature. If this precaution is neglected for two weeks, a fine of £10 must be paid before the agree- ment can be used as a legal document. In almost every case brought to the secretary the agreement, or the letter which serves for one, is forwarded without the stamp. The author may be assured that the other party to the agree- ment never neglects this simple precaution. The Society, VOL. IV. to save trouble, undertakes to get all the agreements of members stamped for them at no expense to themselves except the cost of the stamp. 3. ASCERTAIN WHAT A PROPOSED AGREEMENT GIVES TO BOTH SIDES BEFORE SIGNING 1r.—Remember that an arrangement as to a joint venture in any other kind of busi- ness whatever would be instantly refused should either party refuse to show the books or to let it be known what share he reserved for himself. 4. Lirerary AGENTS.—Be very careful. You cannot be too careful as to the person whom you appowmt as your agent. Remember that you place your property almost un- reservedly in his hands. Your only safety is in consulting the Society, or some friend who has had personal experience of the agent. Do not trust advertisements alone. 5. Cost OF Propuction.-_Never sign any agreement of which the alleged cost of production forms an integtal part, until you have proved the figures. 6. Cuorce oF PuBLISHERS.—Never enter into any cor- respondence with publishers, especially with those who ad- vertise for MSS., who are not recommended by experienced friends or by this Society. 7. FUTURE Worx.—Never, on any account whatever, bind yourself down for future work to anyone. 8. Royaury.—Never accept any proposal of royalty until you have ascertained what the agreement, worked out on poth a small and a large sale, will give to the author and what to the publisher. g. PERSONAL Risx.—Never accept any pecuniary risk or responsibility whatever without advice. 10. Reszectep MSS.—Never, when a MS. has been re- fused by respectable houses, pay others, whatever promises they may put forward, for the production of the work. 11. American RicHTs.—Never sign away American rights. Keep them by special clause. Refuse to sign any agreement containing a clause which reserves them for the publisher, unless for a substantial consideration. If the publisher insists, take away the MS. and offer it to another. 12. Cusston of CopyricHt.—Never sign any paper, either agreement or receipt, which gives away copyright, without advice. 13. ADVERTISEMENTS.—Keep control over the advertise- ments, if they affect your returns, by a clause in the agree- ment. Reserve a veto. If you are yourself ignorant of the subject, make the Society your adviser. 14. Never forget that publishing is a business, like any other business, totally unconnected with philanthropy, charity, or pure love of literature. You have to do with business men. Be yourself a business man. Society's Offices :— 4, PorTUGAL STREET, Lincoun’s INN FIELDS. KK2 424 THE AUTHOR. HOW TO USE THE SOCIETY. I. VERY member has a right to advice upon his agreements, his choice of a publisher, or any dispute arising in the conduct of his business or the administration of his property. If the advice sought is such as can be given best by a solicitor, the member has a right to an opinion from the Society’s solicitors. If the case is such that Counsel’s opinion is desirable, the Com- mittee will obtain for him Counsel’s opinion. All this without any cost to the member. 2. Remember that questions connected with copyright and publisher’s agreements do not generally fall within the experience of ordinary solicitors. Therefore, do not scruple to use the Society first—our solicitors are continually engaged upon such questions for us. 3. Send to the office copies of past agreements and past accounts with the loan of the books represented. This isin order to ascertain what has been the nature of your agree- ments, and the results to author and publisher respectively sofar. The Secretary will always be glad to have any agreements, new or old, for inspection and note. The infor- mation thus obtained may prove invaluable. 4. If the examination of your previous business trans- actions by the Secretary proves unfavourable, you should take advice as to a change of publishers. 5- Before signing any agreement whatever, send the pro- posed document to the Society for examination. 6. The Society is acquainted with the methods, and—in the case of fraudulent houses—the tricks of every publish- ing firm in the country. Remember that there are certain houses which live entirely by trickery. 7. Remember always that in belonging to the Society you are fighting the battles of other writers, even if you are reaping no benefit to yourself, and that you are advancing the best interests of literature in promoting the indepen- dence of the writer. 8. Send to the Editor of the Author notes of everything important to literature that you may hear or meet with. De THE AUTHORS’ SYNDICATE. EMBERS are informed : 1. That the Authors’ Syndicate takes charge of the business of members of the Society. With, when necessary, the assistance of the legal advisers of the Syndi- cate, it concludes agreements, collects royalties, examines and passes accounts, and generally relieves members of the trouble of managing business details. 2. That the expenses of the Authors’ Syndicate are defrayed solely out of the commission charged on rights placed through its intervention. Notice is, however, hereby given that in all cases where there is no current account, a booking fee is charged to cover postage and porterage. 3. That the Authors’ Syndicate works for none but those members of the Society whose work possesses a market value. 4. That the Syndicate can only undertake any negotiation whatever on the distinct understanding that those negotia- tions are placed exclusively in its hands, and that all communications relating thereto are referred to it. 5- That clients can only be seen by the Editor by appoint- ment, and that, when possible, at least four days’ notice should be given. The work of the Syndicate is now so heavy, that only a limited number of interviews can be arranged. 6. That every attempt is made to deal with the corre- spondence promptly, but that owing to the enormous number of letters received, some delay is inevitable. That stamps should, in all cases, be sent to defray postage. 7. That the Authors’ Syndicate does not invite MSS. without previous correspondence, and does not hold itself responsible for MSS. forwarded without notice. It is announced that, by way of a new departure, the Syndicate has undertaken arrangements for lectures by some of the leading members of the Society; that a “Transfer Department,” for the sale and purchase of journals and periodicals, has been opened; and that a “Register of Wants and Wanted” has been opened. Members anxious to obtain literary or artistic work are invited to communicate with the Manager. There is an Honorary Advisory Committee, whose services will be called upon in any case of dispute or difficulty. It is perhaps necessary to state that the members of the Advisory Committee have no pecuniary interest whatever in the Syndicate. spec NOTICES. HE Editor of the Author begs to remind members of the Society that, although the paper is sent to them free of charge, the cost of producing it would be a very heavy charge on the resources of the Society if a great many members did not forward to the Secretary the modes¢ 6s. 6d. subscription for the year. The Editor is always glad to receive short papers and communications on all subjects connected with literature from members and others. Nothing can do more good to the Society than to make the Author complete, attractive, and interesting. Will those who are willing to aid in this work send their names and the special subjects on which they are willing to write ? ’ Communications for the Author should reach the Edito not later than the 21st of each month. All persons engaged in literary work of any kind, whether members of the Society or not, are invited to communicate to the Editor any points connected with their work which it would be advisable in the general interest to publish. Members and others who wish their MSS. read are requested not to send them to the Office without previously communicating with the Secretary. The utmost practicable despatch is aimed at, and MSS. are read in the order in which they are received. It must also be distinctly under- stood that the Society does not, under any circumstances, undertake the publication of MSS. The Authors’ Club is now open in its new premises, at 3, Whitehall-court, Charing Cross. Address the Secretary for information, rules of admission, &c. Will members take the trouble to ascertain whether they have paid their subscriptions for the year? If they will do this, and remit the amount, if still unpaid, or a banker’s order, it will greatly assist the Secretary, and save him the trouble of sending out a reminder. : Members are most earnestly entreated to attend to the warning numbered (7). It is a most foolish and a most disastrous thing to bind yourself to anyone for a term of years. Let them ask themselves if they would give a solicitor the collection of their rents for five years to come, whatever his conduct, whether he was honest or dishonest? Of course they would not. Why then hesitate for a moment when they are asked to sign themselves into literary bondage for three or five years ? THE AUTHOR. Those who possess the “Cost of Production” are requested to note that the cost of binding has advanced 15 per cent. This means, for those who do not like the trouble of “doing sums,” the addition of three shillings in the pound on this head. In other words, if the cost of binding is set down in our book at eight pounds, to this must now be added twenty-four shillings more, so that it now stands at £9 4s. The figures in our book are as near the exact truth as canbe procured; but a printer’s, or a binder’s, bill is sO elastic a thing that nothing more exact can be arrived at. Some remarks have been made upon the amount charged in the “ Cost of Production” for advertising.. Of course, we have not included any sums which may be charged for inserting advertisements in the publisher’s own magazines, or in other magazines by exchange. As agreements too often go, there is nothing to prevent the publisher from sweeping the whole profits of a book into his own pocket, by inserting any number of advertisements in his own magazines, and by exchanging with others. Some there are who call this a form of fraud; it is not known what those who practise this method of swelling their own profits call it. ae LITERARY PROPERTY. —— > I.—Srcret PrRorits. I.—SOME POINTS IN THE CASE. ITH reference to “Secret Profits,’ and the case stated in your last number, I should like to call your attention to one or two points on which counsels’ opinion is not quite decisive. Question 5. “ Discounts which a publisher gets allowed him from the printers, &c.’’—Answer com- mences : “This question is one of some difficulty.” Now it appears to me quite clear that the author enters into an arrangement with the publisher which secures him the full co-operation of all the resources at the publisher’s command. One of these is most decidedly the publisher’s capital, or that portion of it necessary to the production of the book. In accepting a discount the publisher is only utilising a resource which he has already hypothecated, and which no longer belongs to him exclusively. It can be put in another way. Presuming that the printer’s terms are three months net or 5 per cent. off forcash, the 5 percent. is nothing more nor less than interest on a loan at the rate of 20 per cent. perannum. This loanismade by the publisher and author, who are undoubtedly partners, to the printer, whose eyes are open, and who pays the 20 per cent. willingly. If, however, the loan is made to the author without his knowledge, the publisher is not only taking an advantage which appears fraudulent, but is lending the author money at a usurious rate of interest which the law would not allow him, even if he could esta- blish a right to a legal rate of, say, 5 per cent. per annum. 425 I do not think that question 5 ought to be treated by counsel as doubtful, as the practice of allowing all the discount to the publisher opens an easy channel to fraud, which it is difficult to check, and which might go much higher than 20 per cent. per annum by private arrangement. Question 6. “ Right to charge for advertise- ments not actually paid for; (a) in his own magazines or trade list.”—May I suggest that these should not be classed together? A maga- zine is a particular venture of the publisher in which the author can scarcely claim the right to a free advertisement, though he certainly ought not to pay more than the actual cost of printing and paper. A trade list seems to me an entirely different thing and is part of the publisher’s resources, and therefore belongs equally to the author as far as notices of the special book in question are concerned. Question 8. “Right to deduct a charge for incidental expenses.”—A publisher must know what expenses are from experience, and I cannot see why such a clause should be inserted. Ay 8B: II.— FROM A PUBLISHER. In last month’s Author, under this heading, there were some important and pertinent ques- tions put respecting the relations between authors and publishers, and they were answered by two learned gentlemen who are recognised as eminent authorities on the law of literary property. Perhaps you will allow me, as a publisher of many years’ experience, to answer the same questions from the trade point of view, doing so with all due deference to the legal opinions. Question 1. Regarding the relationship be- tween author and publisher, when a book is undertaken on the share system, is, I believe, correctly replied to by counsel—that it is .a joint adventure with a fiduciary obligation on the publisher. There is, however, an important con- dition attached to this relationship that requires clearing up. To whom does the copyright belong? Does it wholly remain with the author, or does it become the joint property of the two adventurers? As far as I know, this point has not yet been decided in a court of justice. My own opinion is that, failing any special contract or time arrangement—and these are recommended— the copyright becomes vested in the publisher to the extent of his share in the venture; but this view has been disputed. Question 2 relates to the submission of accounts and vouchers by the publisher. Counsel’s answer is obviously the correct one, that, when asked for, every facility should be given to the author to make himself fully acquainted with the balance- sheet of his own (joint) property. 426 Question 3, as to the justification of a pub- lisher’s charge for extraneous expenditure beyond the ordinary costs of production and sale is also rightly answered by counsel in the negative. Question 4 is a corollary of No. 3. If the author after settling his publisher’s account finds that it contains extraneous charges, added with- out his knowledge and consent, he is undoubtedly entitled to have the account reopened and amended. Question 5 raises a matter of dispute which probably is more for the lawyers than for laymen to decide, viz., whether a publisher, in settling his bills, is bound to pay the printer, the paper maker, &c., in cash, should he have ready money at command. For example, if the account of the printer comes to £100, and he is prepared either to grant a twelve months’ bill for the amount, or to allow the usual discount of 5 per cent. if paid in cash, the publisher may surely accept the bill and charge the book with the £100. So far there can be no doubt; but, on the other hand, if the publisher, using his money (not the author’s), which may be lying in the bank or placed in some investment, elect to pay the printer in cash, can the author claim a share of the discount which the publisher has thus earned by the use of his financial resources? I should say not, Otherwise, in the case of a half profit book, a publisher who employed money bringing him, say, 4 per cent. to pay an acccount in cash under a discount of 5 per cent. would be an actual loser by 1} per cent., while the author would gain 24 per cent. of a discount which had been earned entirely by the publisher’s money. Of course the discount referred to in this question is the recognised 5 per cent. for cash. Anything beyond that should clearly be shared by both parties. Question 6 refers to the publisher's charge for advertisements in (a) his own magazine, (0) his trade list, and (c) exchange magazines. I respect- fully venture to differ from the learned counsel in their answer to this question. They hold that these advertisements should be charged at the price of paper and print; an opitiion that seems to overlook the facts that magazine advertise- ments have a regular market value, and that they form no part of the undertaking jointly engaged in. To my mind it appears somewhat one-sided in the author to expect advertisements to be charged at less than the ordinary rate when they happen to be inserted in a magazine bearing his publisher’s name. This remark, however, does not apply to trade lists, for which, I think, no charge should be made. To provide against the possible abuse of excessive advertising in mediums which the publisher may have a THE AUTHOR. pecuniary interest in, the author’s contract should be furnished with a restricting clause. Question 7 needs little consideration. It would be quite wltra vires in the publisher to charge for unused stereotype plates, made without the author’s approval. Question 8. The opinion of counsel defining “incidental expenses” is a sound one. These items should be strictly confined to petty dis- bursements specially incurred in the sale of the particular book, quite exclusive of establishment charges, and, when amounting to a considerable amount, details ought to be furnished when asked for. ' The general advice I beg to offer to authors in adopting the share system of publishing—and, when honourably carried out, I believe it to be the best—is to make all contracts in writing, care- fully specifying the more important details, and limiting the contract to a period or edition. Such is the friendly recommendation of an London, April 14, 1894. Ex-PousLisHER, III.—FROM THE EDITOR. There is one point which ‘“‘ Ex-Publisher” does not, it seems to me, sufficiently consider in his remarks upon magazine advertising. It is quite possible that it has a regular market value, as he says, but he omits to notice that a publisher with a free hand to insert advertisements as he chooses, as often and as long, of a profit sharing book in his own magazine, can at his own sweet will absolutely divert into his own pockets as much of the profits as he chooses. The same remark apples with still greater force to exchanges. In every profit sharing agreement the author must guard against this danger by a special clause. Experience shows that this is a very real danger. ‘The letter of ‘‘ Ex-Publisher ” demands serious consideration on every point raised. If this spirit and temper were observed by all writers on the subject, our difficulties would soon be ended. IJ.—TuHirtEen as TWELVE. An attempt is constantly made to insert the words, in a royalty agreement, “Thirteen copies to count as twelve,’ or ‘“ Twenty-five copies to count as twenty-four.” The excuse is that if the publisher sells thirteen as twelve he really sells only twelve, and ought not in justice to account for more than twelve. This answer satisfies some; and is, indeed, reasonable, until one comes to examine into it. Does the publisher sell thirteen as twelve, or twenty-five as twenty-four? He certainly does in those cases, and in those cases only, where books are ordered by the dozen or by the and THE AUTHOR. 427 score. But what are these cases? The circu- lating libraries for some writers may give orders on this lordly scale; the great distributors may also do so for some writers. The rest of the trade buy books by the half dozen, by ones and twos. You may see a pile of copies at one or two leading booksellers in the City or the Strand. They are books of the day, é.e., of a popularity certain, though perhaps ephemeral. As for what is called serious literature, or those books which are in steady, though not in eager, demand, the trade takes them by two or three or even one at a time. Let us illustrate by example—we take a six- shilling book. Suppose that out of an edition of 2000, 50 go for press copies, 500 are taken by orders of twelve and over, the remaining 1450 being sold by ones, twos, and threes. If the agreement gives the author a 20 per cent. royalty on all copies sold, the result is as follows: Author.—20 per cent. on 6s. for 1950 copies= S17: Publisher.—The account stands as follows: The book is what we generally take for an illustra- tion—a six-shilling volume, of 17 sheets or 272 pp. at 253 words a page—70,000 words in all, in small pica and plainly bound. Cost of production (see Society’s volume), nearly ...--.... 3... £1000 © PAMUNOY 66. oc 622... 117 0 O Publisher. -..2:..5.. 117 10 0 £334 10. © Sales : 1450 at 3s. 6d....... £253 15. 0 500 at 3s. 6d. (and 13.a0 12) 3... S015. 0 334 10 0 If the author receives a royalty calculated on thirteen copies being sold as twelve, his share will be £108 instead of £117, and the publisher’s account : Cost of production ... £100 0 Oo thor 20. 108 © © Publisher .........:..... 126 10 O 334 10, © Sales as above. Of course, in the case of a larger sale—say a first edition of 1000, followed by a -second of 3000, the two accounts would be materially altered. For instance, the cost of a second edition of 3000 copies is about £125. The author would receive on this edition £180. The publisher, allowing 1000 copies for thirteen as twelve, would receive £206. If the author is to be allowed only thirteen as twelve, he receives £166 and the publisher £232. And this on a royalty which, before the Society exposed the figures, would never have been given to any author however successful. We now understand what is meant by the clause in the agreement that copies are to be counted as thirteen for twelve. If the clause in the agreement is simply for a royalty of so much for every copy sold, the discount, if claimed, must not be allowed when the accounts are rendered, except for those large orders where it was allowed to the trade. —— > —- TII.—THe TRANSFERENCE OF A TITLE. 1. Some twenty years ago the Rev. D. Rice- Jones, then engaged in London work, wrote a dozen chapters from his own experience on the poor and the way they live. He offered these sketches and stories to the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge by Christian methods, i.e., of course by methods just, equitable, and beyond the shadow of sus- picion or reproach. This august body bought these sketches for the sum of twenty-four guineas —actually two guineas a chapter! They bought them thus separately because they intended to bring them out in pamphlet form, twelve short stories of the London slums. This they did, and then, without any further pay- ment, they issued them as a book. The book, called “From Cellar to Garret,” made its mark, and continued to sell, edition after edition, for a great many years. Remark, that the society in this way managed to secure the copyright of a valuable book for twenty-four guineas! Remark, further, that they have never thought it just or equit- able to recognise the disproportion of their own gains to the author’s remuneration. Now note, on the other hand, what is done by a purely lay, secular, money-making firm. It happened only the other day that this firm, on finding that a book, published by them on certain terms, was turning out a success beyond their expecta- tion, tore up the first agreement, and voluntarily gave the author a new one based upon the success of the work. To be sure, this is not a religious society, but one which carries on its business avowedly for profit. Two years ago the author entered the office and asked for copies of his book. He was told that it was out of print. He saw the secretary. He was informed that they would not, probably, reprint the book, but that they might want to wse his title for another book! The secretary also told the author that he could not expect a book to last for ever. The question arises—has a publisher who buys the copyright of a book the right to use the title for another book ? 428 2. Another case was that quoted from the Atheneum in our last number. IV.—Cox v. Baytzs. (High Court of Justice ——Chancery Division, — Before Mr. Justice Currry). This was a motion by the plaintiff, the pro- prietor of the Field newspaper, for an interlocu- tory injunction restraining the defendant Bayles, the proprietor and editor of a newspaper called the Meld Register, from publishing and selling such newspaper, or any other newspaper being a colourable imitation of the plaintifi’s newspaper, or calculated to lead the public to believe the same to be issued from the office of the plaintiff’s newspaper or to be a publication in any way con- nected with the plaintiff’s newspaper. The defen- dant’s newspaper was a weekly newspaper, and had recently been issued. It was published on Monday or Tuesday, and its contents for the most part consisted of information and articles on horseracing. It also, however, contained items relating to yachting and angling, and other sporting or country pursuits. Its price was 3d. The plaintiff’s case was based on the colourable use of the word “ Field,” being the principal part of the name of his newspaper, and the name under which it was solely known and widely known to the public. The defendant stated that there was no intention on his part to copy or imitate the plaintiff’s newspaper, and pointed out dissimilarities between his newspaper and the plaintifi’s. tion to mislead. Mr. S. Hall, Q.C., and Mr. Percy Gye appeared for the plaintiff, and Mr. Kenyon Parker for the defendant Bayles, and Mr. Ashworth James appeared for printers added as defendants. Mr. Justice Currry said that it was plain that the word “ Field” was placed in the most promi- nent position and as a leading word in the title of the defendant’s newspaper in order to attract some of the reputation belonging to the plain- tiff’s newspaper. Both newspapers were intended for the same class of readers, and the defendant’s newspaper was calculated to damage the plain- tiff, even if, as it had only recently been started, actual damage as yet was not shown. That being so, the plaintiff was entitled to an interlocutory injurction. His Lordship added that all cases like the present proceeded on the same basis— namely, that the title of a newspaper was a trade name, being similar in this respect to the name of a brewery (Montgomery v. Thompson, L. R. (1891) A. ©. 217) or of an insurance office (Hendriks v. Montagu, L. R. 17 Ch. Div. 638), and what was at the bottom of such questions THE AUTHOR. He also stated that he had no inten- : was whether the defendant was endeavouring to sell his goods as those of the plaintiff. Injunction granted accordingly. V.—Britiso Copyricut rn Canapa. Ottawa, April 10. The Government have forwarded an important despatch to the British Colonial Office, informing the Imperial authorities that after the next Session of the Dominion Parliament the collec- tion by the Dominion Customs of a royalty of 124 per cent. on foreign reprints of British copy- right works for the benefit of copyright-holders will cease. The colonial authorities have been induced to take this action in view of the expected changes in the Imperial copyright laws as applic- able to Canada.— Reuter. VI—Cvriovus Cuauses. 1. Account Clauses :— Accounts shall be made up annually as soon after June 30 as practicable, and payment will be due in the January following. If a book is published early in the autumn the chief sales occur before Christmas, and, if the account is paid within six months after, the pub- lisher may hold a large part of the unfortunate author’s share in his own hands for nearly twelve months, Bankruptcy may also occur in so long an interval. Another account clause : Account of sales of the work to be made annually to June 30, rendered and payable before the end of the year. This is subject to almost the same remarks as the previous clause. . The following seems to be a fair account clause : The publishers shall furnish their accounts half yearly, on June 30 and Dec. 31, paying to the author all royalties due at the time of furnishing the accounts. 2. Royalty Clauses—So much for account clauses. The following is a curious clause re- ferring to the payment of royalties: The publisher shall pay to the author on all such copies sold at above half their published price a royalty of 15 per cent. of their published price, and on all such copies sold at or below half their published price a royalty of 7} per cent. of the net receipts of such sales. It is always advisable, if possible, that the interests of the author and publisher should be the same—that the sale of the book at proper rates should be as_ beneficial to the author as to the publisher; but on working out the arrange- ment in the above clause it is clearly to the advantage of the publisher under certain circum- stances to sell below half the published price. This question has been fully discussed in -a THE AUTHOR. previous number of the Author. There is scarcely need, therefore, to do more than bring it again before the notice of authors. It is a clause to be refused instantly. 3. Agency Charges in Publishers’ Agreements. — Considerable stir has been made lately by discussion as to the work and charges of literary agents. The charge of 15 per cent. is denounced as preposterous, and ro per cent. as little less heinous. It will be interesting, therefore, to look at the agency clauses taken from various pub- lishers’ agreements, and it will be found that the charge is generally considerably in advance of to per cent. or even 15 per cent. Except as in clause hereof, the copyright, whether English or foreign, in the said work, including the rights of translation, dramatisation, and publication of any dramatic yersion thereof, shall not be sold, assigned, or transferred by the author, either as a whole, or for a limited time, or over a, limited space, without the consent of the publisher. That the proceeds of the sale or transfer of copyright, as defined in the above clause, shall be divided in the propor- tion of one-half to the author and one-half to the publisher. In the same agreement there is a clause for the sale of American rights on the same terms, so that the publisher who objects to the agent’s 10 per cent. actually claims 50 per cent. These clauses are, perhaps, as strong in favour of the publisher, and to the detriment of the author—not only in the magnitude of the powers conveyed, but also in the price to be charged—as it is possible to conceive. Here, should the author act as his own agent with regard to translation or foreign production, should he make arrangements absolutely without the assistance of the publisher, he must still pay 50 per cent. ; Further, should he dramatise and produce his own work in dramatic form, 50 per cent. must be handed over. Here is another clause : And the said publisher shall be entitled to dispose of any other rights (rights of translation, American rights, or such like) in the said work ; the said publisher to have one-third of all profits arising out of the sale, lease, or conveyance of such rights, and the said author to receive the remaining two-thirds thereof. - Here the change is 33} per cent., but the dramatic rights are not included; on the other hand, the author has no powers to act as his own agent. Again: - The publishers may effect the sale of Continental rights only with the author’s consent. The proceeds of such sale, if effected by the publishers, shall be divided in the proportion of three-quarters to the author and one-quarter to the publisher. This clause only effects Continental rights, and the sale must be made only with the author's con- sent. The author can, if he likes, act as his own VOL. IV. 429 agent, and make all the profit; but if the pub- lisher does act as agent the charge is 25 per cent. The rights are more limited and the charge is less, but still enormous compared with the agent’s modest 10 per cent. Another : Should the work be issuedin America or any other foreign country, the profits arising from such transactions shall be divided equally between the said author and the said publishers. The charge is again 50 per cent. It would be easy to quote clauses without end bearing on the same point. In none of the many agreements is the charge below 25 per cent. How does the author’s agent live when the publisher can only stand at 25 per cent.? On these clauses it can only be added that, where the author transfers the copyright, the publisher usually deals with all subsidiary rights without reference to the author. He sometimes shares the returns with the author, and sometimes does not. A case has been known, however, in which a publisher bought the copyright from an author, and, on the book being published in England, the author neglected to secure the American rights. There were no rights therefore in America, and the book could have been pirated by anyone. An American publisher, wishing to republish the work, wrote to the English publisher, inferring that he was acting for the author, and stated that he was desirous of publishing the book and of paying an honorarium for leave to do so. The publisher this side, in virtue of his non-existent American rights, took the honorarium to himself. 4. Remainder Sales.—The clauses referring to remainder sales are very often of an arbitrary character, for example : The publishers shall have the power to sell the residue of any edition at a reduced price or as a remainder. This clause occurs almost word for word in two separate agreements. It does not give the author any option of purchase, and it gives the publisher the opportunity of clearing his shelves before the bond fide sales are at an end. Sometimes there is no. clause relating to remainder sales, but this subject is governed by a clause leaving all rights as to the methods of publication and sale of the work with the pub- lisher ; then the same result occurs. An agreement regarding remainder sales is certainly necessary, and the following may be cited as a good clause : In case of the publication proving unsuccessful the pub- lishers reserve the right to dispose of the stock after a period of not less than two years in the way they may think best, the author having previously been communicated with regarding such copies as he may wish to retain. The above is clumsily worded, and has this LL 430 serious fault that there is no price named at which the author may purchase. The following is a still more reasonable clause touching the same point: That should the publishers at any time after two years from the date of publication of the said work desire to sell the stock as a remainder, notice of such intended sale must be given to the author, who shall have the option of pur- chase of the remainder stock at a valuation. 5. Incidental Expenses. —'The phrase “and other incidental expenses”? is altogether too vague to have a place in any legal document, and should certainly be more clearly defined. 6. To meet Demands.—The phrase “to meet the demand up toso many copies ” is also unsatis- factory. It generally occurs in agreements where the author pays a portion of the supposed cost of production of the number of books up to which the publisher will meet the demand. Of course, the publisher knows very well that the demand is most unlikely to reach the number, and he prints an edition of no greater number than the payment of the author amply covers. 7. Buying Copyright.—If there is anything to set the interests of the author and the publisher at variance it is the following clause : It is agreed that if and when any edition of the said work is issued at any lower price than 6s., the publishers shall have the right and option of buying the copyright free from all royalty for the sum of £50, to be paid to the author within a month from the date of publication of such edition, failing which payment this option shall be no longer in force. The greater part of the agreement is an elabo- rate statement of the royalty to be paid under certain conditions, from which one would naturally infer that the MS. would be as a matter of course published at 6s. or over. But, although the author has assigned the right to publish, there is no reciprocity on the part of the publisher, he does not undertake to publish the book at all, and there is nothing to prevent him from pub- lishing at 5s. 6d., paying the £50, and securing the whole copyright for that small sum. 8. Contradictory Clauses.—Here are two con- tradictory clauses in agreements from the same publisher referring to books of similar sizes. The question is the payment of royalty which is to be paid on every copy sold, Except one copy in seven, according to the usual trade custom. The next agreement contains: Except one copy in thirteen, according to the usual trade custom. It is evident that there cannot be two separate customs as above for the sale of similar articles. The one custom excludes the other. Yet, out of a dozen agreements from this same publisher, four had one clause and eight the other. THE AUTHOR. VII.—Music Coprricuts. At a sale of music copyrights, recently con- cluded at Messrs. Puttick and Simpson’s rooms, some remarkable prices were realised. The song “ Anchored,” by the late Michael Watson, realised £1,212 15s.,the highest price, it is believed, that. has ever been obtained for a song. Tito Mattei’s “First Waltz” brought £386 8s.; “ Yorkshire Bells,” by J. Pridham, £715 1os.; ‘‘ The Bugler,” by Pinsuti, £189 3s.; ‘‘The Valley of Shadows,” by O. Barri, £109 7s. 6d.; a march by W. Small- wood, £184 16s.; operatic solos, by W. Small- wood, £338 6s.; John Hiles’s “ Catechism of Music,” £550. The total of the two days’ sale, which comprised some 320 lots, was over £10,000. These facts and figures should start the ques- tion, how far this property, which undoubtedly has been created by musical composers, and is originally their property, has been shared with them by the acquirers ? Would it be possible, for instance, for any of the composers concerned in the above sale to publish the terms and con- siderations for which they parted with their property P VIII.—Ricut or APPEARANCE. On page 444 of this number of the Author will be found a letter with this title. The subject is more important than would at first appear. Many valid reasons may exist why an editor, even though he has accepted a paper, may not find himself able to publish it. But, by not publishing it he kills it. Not only does he kill it for the time, but for ever. Thus an editor accepts and produces a paper. If nothing is said to the contrary in the agreement he has bought the serial right only for a term of years beginning after publication. On the expiration of that term the author can republish. But if the editor does not publish, the time between production and the right to reprint never even begins. How is this difficulty to be got over ? sme ESTHER WATERS: AN EXACT TREATISE.* ET us get the worst that can be said of “Esther Waters” over at once. The book is all about low people, and, consistently enough, they do low things. The central figure isa servant girl, who, during her career as a servant, is emphatically a “slavey,” in contradis- tinction to a young lady in service. Her lovers are a footinan, who aspires to be, and becomes, a By George Moore. Walter 1894. * Esther Waters: A Novel. Scott and Co. Limited, London. THE AUTHOR. sporting publican, and a stationer’s assistant of aggravated sanctimoniousness, who had been in business in the west end, “ until an uncontrollable desire to ask every customer who entered into conversation with him, if he were sure that he believed in the second coming,” obtained for him his dismissal. A pious and over-procreative mother, a drunken step-father, an illegitimate child, and the woman who minds him con- stitute her private domestic circle. The scene is laid, firstly, in a big country racing establishment ; and, secondly, in a Soho public-house, a cleanly oasis in their sordidity being furnished by the West Kensington maisonette of a literary lady. There is no doubt about one thing. This book is not by Mrs. Gore, or the authoress of “ Lords and Liveries”; it is no sequel to “ Dukes and Déjeuners.” And this brings us straight to a side of Mr. George Moore’s work upon which we must touch. It would be idle to ignore that its episodes and its out-speaking may give offence. It would be idle to pretend that we consider it an apt object of presentation to a god-child, or a suitable holiday book for the young person. The moment that we admit so much we are in the very lists of controversy; but with the discretion of Orpheus C. Kerr’s brigadier-general, “ we resign our com- mission and go home.’”’ Nothing is to be gained by remaining to controvert. Nothing good has ever come out of these discussions. No issue has been made clearer. Whether this or that subject can be made a fit subject for artistic treatment is, we humbly think, of no practical consequence. Art has no limits, says one—a jeune feroce this. Tf art comes in the form of a novel which may lie about on the drawing-room table, it should have the strictest limits, says another—a pater- familias this. With half an eye it will be seen that a mutual understanding as to the exact meaning of the word art might reconcile the combatants, and with half a thought it will be compre- hended that no mutual understanding on the definition could ever be arrived at. So we desire to speak of “Esther Waters” only, which is a book well worth speaking of, and not of the abstract principles that should regulate the pen of the right-minded author—for is not this rather a large question, although the recent reviews of several novels have glibly proposed to answer it in a sentence or two? The author «f “ Esther Waters” has treated the many difficult episodes logically arising in the course of his, narrative with almost invariable restraint. f here and there he has introduced a touch which he believed necessary to accentuate the truth of his picture, and which we, on perusal, believe would have been better omitted, it isa small thing; and we VOL. Iv. 431 are entirely happy to credit the constructor of an excellent piece of work with knowing his busi- ness. For remember the episodes are logically necessary to the theme of the book. They are truly illustrative of the author’s design, and not dragged in. Quarrel with the theme by all means (that is a matter of pure private taste) but do not carp at the episodes, whose setting- forth constitutes the only possible manner of writing a book upon the theme. “There are some very exact treatises on astro- nomy, the use of the globes, agriculture, and the art of making paper flowers. Upon the less apparent provinces of life I fear you will find nothing truthful.’ Thus the inimitable and senteutious Prince Florizel, who may now add to his comical list of subjects that have undergone exact literary treatment, horse-racing, its fasci- nations, its disappointments, and its surroundings, with their intimate blending of the sad with the hilarious, and the reckless with the calculating. “ Aisther Waters” is a tract against the evils of the turf. But it is free from the usual sin of the novel with a purpose—exaggeration. As a rule the protest of the novelist against an ill habit loses its accuracy in its picturesqueness, and sup- porters of the abuse, resenting the attack upon them, are able to convict the author of perversion of the facts. Mr. George Moore has painted a truthful picture that will be recognised as truth- ful by two sets of readers—those who know and those who do not. Those to whem the daily market odds in our papers are so much Runic will see at once that a great deal of what is described in “ Esther Waters ”’ must be going on around them. Those whose daily profession or pleasure it is to study these figures will be compelled to admit that the book has been written with the authority that is only born of knowledge. There has been no attempt to make a popular goody-goody suc- cess by an overstatement of evils. We have here no story of high-born, open-handed youths of promise starting in the flush of juvenile enthu- siasm to end bankrupt of fame and fortune. Every bookmaker is not a welsher or a scheming diplomatist. There is no chronicling of enormous wagers, of startling coups, or of roping and coping schemes. These things may occur on the turf, but a description of them—much less a description of them alone—forms no truthful presentment of the turf. The design of the author of “ Esther Walters ” has been to point out the extent to which the craze for betting has deeply infected a large section of the community, and incidentally to write an artistic story. And he has succeeded. The description of the great racing establishment at Woodview is perfectly life-like. The master is no victim of blue-blooded heedless- Le 432 ness. He is, on the contrary, of not particularly select extraction, and races on strictly business principles, backing his horses according as they are “meant.” He finally fails because his son, the gentleman rider, proves unable to pull a horse without being observed. ‘“ He couldn’t sit down and saw his blooming ’ead off right in th’ middle of the course, with the ’andicapper’s field glasses on him. He'd have been warned off the blooming ’eath, and he couldn’t afford that, even to save his own father,” is the way the bookmaker puts it. Surely this situation is much more impres- sive as well as much more truthful than the ordinary story of a turf failure. If a man whose extravagance is in his blood fail on the turf it is not fair to blame the turf. Such men can ruin themselves playing cat’s cradle for kisses. But the picture of a man, who, racing for business— and that go strictly that he is willing to lose his own and his son’s honour in his attention to business—can yet only encompass ruin, forms a real argument against turf speculation. The fidelity to life which characterises the pourtrayal of the master of Woodview and his entourage is equally manifest in the description of Esther’s betrayer and husband, the ex-foot- man, the sporting publican, the ready-money bookmaker. He deserts the mother of his illegitimate child, and is clearly dissolute, low- lived, and unscrupulous. But he is very human. He is kind-hearted. He is honest according to the code of a ready-money bookmaker, and his wrath at the mere use of the word welsher in his presence is as natural as it is justifiable. He is a good husband in a way. He is a good fellow in a way. He isa mean scamp in most ways. And a most convincing picture. No less faithful to life are the votaries of the turf who assemble at the bar of the ‘‘Spread Hagle.” Their superstitious credulity, their belief in omens and in strange tips, combined with their real knowledge of their subject, are admir- ably hit off. The wide-spread evils of betting— its inducements to pilfering and general laxity— are exemplified without being insisted upon. Mr. Leopold is, in particular, a wonderful study made in true Balzac vein. The little sallow, mysterious, unmoved man, the incarnation of racing lore and the genius of cold calculation, whose nickname testifies to the popular belief that his turf know- ledge has made him a millionaire, is all his life on the edge of bitter penury, an unsuccessful, ever- trusting plunger. ‘Chis one man is an exhaustive homily against the national sport. Of Esther herself, the modest but unchaste, dowdy but noble little figure around whom this mean crowd revolves, we do not intend to say much. Mr. George Moore has told the story of t f & THE AUTHOR. her life without padding (which is equivalent to admitting that any attempt to make an abstract of it would be useless), and we commend the reader to his pages. Esther struck us as natural in her contradictions. She is consistent to her character, which is eminently malleable. A puritan in her religious home, in the lax sur- roundings of the racing establishment and under the influence of a first love she falls. Asa mother she rises splendidly to the emergencies of a cruel situation, and is displayed as a brave self- sacrificing woman. As the wife of a sporting publican she learns to look leniently upon a very seamy side of life. Into the grossness of it she never falls, but it belongs to her character that she should assimilate herself to her environment to some extent. She starts in Mr. George Moore’s romance asa good girl; she sees life (life with a vengeance, as Mrs. Quickly would have said) for twenty years; and she endsas a good woman. And throughout her moral and material fluctua- tions she is constant to one predominating design—the design to bring up her boy ‘to earn good money,’ that is, to be a self- respecting citizen in some reputable walk of life. And in this she sueceeds. She makes no fine speeches and is unconscious of her bravery, but not of her frailty. Yet of this latter she has a word to say. She claims, or rather appeals, to be considered a good woman in spite of her youthful lapse. We have no doubt whatever of our own answer or of the author's to Esther’s appeal. Mr. George Moore is to be thoroughly con- gratulated upon his novel. It is an eloquent exhortation on behalf of charity and against greed. 22 —————— BOOK-TALK. oh AN-HUNTING IN THE DESERT” is the title which Captain Haynes, R.E., has given to his account of the search expedition undertaken in 1882-83 by Sir Charles Warren to clear up all doubt as to the fate of Professor Palmer, Captain Gill, and Lieutenant Charrington. With what result is well known ; the committal service in St. Paul’s and the erection of the memorial tablet will be within everyone’s recollection. The tablet is figured in this book, but it is not the only memorial. A cairn of stones surrounding a wooden cross was built in the: desert by Sir Charles Warren close to the scene.of the murder, on a spot chosen by Miss Charrington. -The cross bears the names of the murdered men, and states also that they were killed while on a special mission from the British THE AUTHOR. Government, To these must be added the window in Rochester Cathedral, erected to the memory of Captain Gill by his brother officers. Should time and circumstance take away these memorials, there is still the actual gravestone in Saint Paul’s Cathedral, which is lettered thus : EB. H. P. AGED. XLII. W. J. @. XXXIX, H. C. XXVI. It had been arranged at first that Sir Charles Warren should write the account of the search expedition, but, pressure of public work prevent- ing this, Captain Haynes undertook it. There are, however, three appendices written by Colonel Warren :—(A) On his connection with the expedi- tion; (B) an abbreviated account of Professor Palmer’s expedition ; (c) notes on Arabia Petreea and the country lying between Egypt and Palestine. Painful as the account is which Captain Haynes has to tell, he has made it readable by keeping carefully to the narrative style, and does not dwell unnecessarily on any of the harrowing details. It is sufficient to say that he relates how the murderers were discovered with infinite difficulty, the different witnesses on sO many occasions having prearranged the story they should tell, and how justice was at last done. Sir Charles Warren, to the satisfaction of all associated with him, insisted upon putting in such evidence as would have obtained a conviction according to the procedure of an English court, which is more exacting than the mixed tribunal at Tanta and Alexandria before whom the prisoners were tried. Five were sentenced to death, and seven others received from three to fifteen years imprisonment. There are some points still open to conjecture with respect to the cause of the murder. Whether the three men were murdered for the money they had with them, or whether the crime was part of the Holy War set on foot by Arabi, which im- plied the massacre of the Christians, is still an unsettled question. It would seem that Colonel Warren inclined to the former view and Captain Haynes to the latter. Then, also, there is the part played by Ali Effendi, the Governor of 433 Nakhl—the place where Palmer was going, and where he had arranged a meeting of the Sheikhs. This proposed meeting itself presents a difficulty, because it is not clear whether Palmer knew that Ali Effendi favoured the cause of Arabi. It was from a letter written by the Governor of Nakhl to a colleague the Governor of Akabah, instructing him how to defend the latter fort, that the search party first learnt that the missing men were dead. This letter was given up to the search party by the Governor of Akabah, and does not show Ali Effendi in a bad light. Captain Haynes prints it in his fourth chapter ; and, since it contained orders not to kill, but only to take prisoners, considers it under the cir- cumstances a very proper instruction. When, however, the search party got to Nakhl, after the site of the murder had been visited and the remains recovered, the Governor’s evidence was taken, Then it came out that at time of the murder he had left Nakhl, and was hovering about close to the spot where the crime was committed. He explained his action by saying “it was in the hope of conducting the English gentlemen to their destination.” The reader will not be surprised to learn that it was part of the plan of the search party to instal a new governor at Nakhl. Ali was afterwards discharged the service, and suffered a year’s imprisonment with hard labour. There seems to be little doubt but that he knew the crime would be committed, and that if he did not order it, at least he did nothing to prevent it. The rest of the narrative deals with the discovery of the tribe to which the murderers belonged, which appears to have been almost as difficult a task as to pick out the actual culprits. The search party also succeeded in recovering some of the money Palmer had taken with him. Captain Haynes manages to bring forward each point of interest with telling effect, which is greatly enhanced by his uphold- ing the opinion that the Professor’s mission was a success, and that, without the journey from Jaffa and Gaza to Suez, our difficulties in retain- ing command of the Canal must have been much more serious, and that up to a certain point Palmer’s influence was felt among tribes of the desert. It is, perhaps, anatural mistake to think that, because a man meets with treachery and is killed, that therefore his work must be considered a failure as well as a misfortune. It is made clear in these pages how partial and wrong such a view would be. It is chiefly in the last chapter that the author allows us to see what he himself thinks of the whole affair — the Palmer expedition, and the search expedition. His reflections are of such a nature that they deserve the closest attention. 434 He does not fail to show us how contemptible the House of Commons can be on occasion, and though he hazards the remark that it is perhaps idle to refer to some of the statements made in the House, yet the references he does make are by no means the most pleasant reading. With regard to the members who did not hesitate to challenge Colonel Warren’s integrity in the conduct of the investigation, instancing also the case of Captain Lugard, the author writes : The eagerness with which people at home adoptand make public the gravest and most discreditable charges against their countrymen beyond the seas, when they are unable effectually to defend their own conduct, occasions some of the saddest moments in the lives of those whose duty it is to serve their country in foreign lands. In fairness, this may be said to refer as much to outside opinion as to an attack in the House; and it is difficult to believe that members would care so little whether they accused an absent individual falsely or not, so long as they could discredit the Government. It ma y be worth while to notice that in each of these cases the action of the parties in question was defended not in the Commons but in the Lords. One other reflection which especially deserves attention is as follows: “The circumstances which surrounded Palmer’s untimely death seems to suggest some error of judgment in his selection for the work to be done in the desert.” Captain Haynes then quotes from the “ Life of Palmer” a passage in which his biographer says : Yet Palmer ought not to have been allowedto go. On this point there seems no doubt or dispute whatever. So long as there was a single soldier in Her Majesty's dominion who could be intrusted with the work this scholar should have been spared. Since those words were penned we had to send a soldier to do a soldier’s work, and the result was the same—treachery and death. It seems impossible now when reconsidering the murder of Palmer and the work done to insure our supremacy in Egypt, not to look further forward to the murder of Gordon and the attempt to evacuate the Soudan. They are succeeding chapters in the same history which tell how even British lives are not rendered any safer by party politicians, with their conflicting views of our duty in Egypt and our interest in India, Of these two men, Gordon and Palmer, we dare not ask which was the better man, but we may ask which stands the higher in the national mind. Undoubtedly Gordon. His simplicity of character, his charity, his personal piety, have all tended to make him a popular hero. But lest it should be thought there can be no heroism outside the soldier’s life, it seems perfectly excusable for once to be an advocate for another’s claims, and say THE AUTHOR. that the persevering scholar, the student of many tongues and many men, has as great a claim on the national memory. ote. 80-SO SOCIOLOGY. (Continued from p. 411.) 141. Were there no insanity, there would be no misery. 142. Beauty is a blend compounded of appre- hension and of appreciation. 143. Too many souls never seem to rise above the grub-stage. 144. Reason is a mean between instinct and insight. 145. The weak wish time, while they merely want talent. 146. While the far prophet gains kudos, the near loses caste. 147. Holiness harmonises the infinite worlds without and within. 148. Charity begins within, and never ends without. 149. Who jests with lying plays practical jokes on his own soul. 150. Forgiveness is worthless, without a fruit- ful future. 151. Many reformations pointed, but none ever failed. 152. Successful selfishness spiritual suicide. 153. Man may raise money, but no mere money ever raised Man. 154. Majority may most lead, but only minority can best leaven. : 155. Beauty attracts, goodness assists, truth attests. 156. When the whole brain wholly sleeps, we call this ‘‘ death.” 157. Had birth begun personal life, death might come to end it. 158. Huthusiasm may often seem extreme, but can never be mean, 159. Pain is a precept as well often as a penalty. 160. Absence of logic does not prove presence of love. 161. None but the fair soul deserves the brave heart. 162. Humanity is the twin sister of humility. 163. Physical energy is often mistaken for mental supremacy. 164. Capacity makes the criminal: opportunity, the crime. may have disap- simply suggests THE AUTHOR. 165. Were there less ungraciou-ness, there would be less ingratitude. 166. Some minority has most might; other minority has best right. © PHINLAY GLENELG. 2 SAN FRANCISCO'S LITERARY CONGRESS. Tr plans for the Literary Congress, to be held in San Francisco during the month of May, are not yet wholly matured, but the committee in charge has outlined a programme which promises much in the way of interest and practical benefit to participants. According to the present plans the congress will occupy five days, and will be made up of afternoon and evening sessions. The day sessions will be chiefly devoted to the discussion of practical and ethical questions, while the evening sessions will, as far as possible, be con- ducted by American men of letters, and distin- guished foreign guests, and will consist of readings by authors of note, and of discussions of topics of world-wide interest. The first meeting will be an evening session, which will take the form of an informal recep- tion, with an address on “The Influence of Literature on National Character.” This will be followed by a Pacific Coast day, an American day, an English day, and a day which will be an olla podrida of subjects of interest to writers, including a discussion of International Copy- right, talks about French and Russian literature, a debate upon the salutary influence of periodical literature, and an inquiry into the mission of literature and the coming type. The general purpose of the congress is declared to be to discuss the present conditions and the tendencies of literature, and some startling sub- jects will be considered. One of these is “The Novel as a Factor in English Civilisation.” Another is “ Poetry as the Religion of the Future.” The Functions and Titerature of Criticism will be seriously discussed, and “ The Novel or the Newspaper — the Pulpit of the Day?” is suggestive of some bright speeches aud audacious expressions of opinion. The men who are framing the plan of this congress seem to be so prolific in bright ideas that their greatest difficulty is going to be to decide what not to include in the programme. Already they are embarrassed by the wealth of subjects suggested for discussion; not hack- neyed topics, but fresh, original, thought- inspiring questions. F. oH. L. re NOTES AND NEWS. ESS novel of the month arrived very early in the month. There was so much said about it everywhere on its appearance that it seems like old history to mention it here. That “Marcella ’’ has been received with greater favour than either of her predecessors is quite certain; it remains to be seen which of the three will retain the greatest popularity. Meantime the extra- ordinary increase of successful and admirable women novelists is undoubtedly most remark- ably characteristic of literature in this decade. Vividness of imagination; the power of present- ing their characters clearly ; the power of telling a story; many women have shown these qualities during the last half century. What they now show is dramatic force, style, wit, epigram, independence, and freedom of thought. es I have been reading “Esther Waters,” by Mr. George Moore. I venture to express my humble opinion upon the book, viz., that it is, from the artistic point of view, a fine piece of work. In another column will be found the opinion of another man, much to the same effect. The artistic excellence of the book seems indeed to me so great as to place its author in the first rank. It is a real study of life, real and true and courageous. The writer shirks nothing ; gives undue importance to nothing ; does not dwell un- necessarily on subjects unpleasant, yet accepts things repulsive as belonging to life. But, I hear, the story is, in some quarters, considered immoral. This means, I take it, hurtful in some way to morals; encouraging, for instance, one kind of immorality. Does it? For my own part, I cannot find that it does, but perhaps it is a matter of opinion. As men and women of letters, we must own that we may drape, but we must draw from the nude; that is to say, whatever the poet, dramatist, novelist, preacher, essayist, historian writes or speaks, if he would move the world he must have, to work upon, his solid foundations of actual truth, reality, and fact. Things that are, not things that may be, underlie all true literature. Things that are form the real strength and power of this book. But the treatment of things that are—there is the point! Very well. I repeat that I cannot find in the whole book anything at all likely to shake the moral principles of the most weak-kneed moralist. Mr. Feeblemind and Mr, Faintheart may read it without fear, while Christian himself may beguile his pilgrimage with its pages, which will presently cause him to break out into hymns. Should it be given to the Young Lady? We 436 may quite safely leave the question to the Young Lady herself, who is no longer dependent upon Man’s choice of books for her. But I would say to this independent thinker, “ Young Lady, here is a book that treats of things as they are. You have read at school a good deal of literature which deals with human nature and the things of nature; you are not at all an ignorant young person; you have read Ovid, and Virgil, and Horace ; you have read Shakespeare, Molitre, Goethe; you have been told that good literature must be true. Very good. This book is, Lassure you, quite true. It may not make you happier to know the truth about humanity; but it may make you wiser. If there are sinners in the world, you will not be tempted by this writer to go and do likewise. But please yourself.” She holds out her hand. ‘“ Give me the book,” says the Young Lady. Should the book be given to the School Girl? The question may be left to the ladies who have the School Girl under their care. I believe that there are many things in life which are not taught to the School Girl. Perhaps betting is one. Perhaps this or that is another. We have had a great many letters on the subject of editor and contributor. The complaints of the latter have in almost all cases been directed against the editors of low-class organs, poverty-stricken and struggling. One corre- spondent, “‘ Experto Crede,” gives (p. 440) excel. lent advice, that I would beg young readers to consider, and which I here repeat: “ Offer your contributions only to the best magazines, the best weeklies, the best papers. If you cannot get on, after working your hardest and your best, give it up. Don’t try any more. Recognise that lite- rary distinction is not for you. If you persist, remember that on the low levels for which you will write there is no distinction attainable, and a wage which is more miserable than you can get by almost any other kind of work. In the correspondence of this month (p. 442) there is a letter on “ Printing Abroad.” Let everyone have a hearing. Our correspondent argues that it does not matter how many men are thrown out of work if we can only get things cheap. Now to apply our correspondent’s reasoning to an extreme case. Suppose all the printing, paper, and binding sent abroad for cheapness. Suppose, further, that a book can thus be issued at 20 per cent. under the present price. How is the country enriched thereby? First, it gains 20 per cent on its book bill. Against this set the loss of the wages, rent, profit, interest on capital of the whole printing - THE AUTHOR. trade, together with the maintenance of the printers and their families until they can be emigrated. When they are gone we must reckon the loss of so many thousands of productive hands to the country. Again, let us suppose the entire transfer of the cotton trade to Belgium. Cotton becomes cheaper by 10 per cent. perhaps. What will become of the millions who now live by cotton? I, for one, do not believe in the doctrine of cheapness. ETAts-UNIs. New York, le 23 avril. Un projet tendant a créer une institution, analogue a celle de l’Académie francaise vient d’étre soumis au Congrés. I cut the above from the Débats of April 23. As the London papers were not accessible to me on that day, I do not know whether this intel- ligence has appeared in them. Perhaps it is not true. If it is, however, we may hope to get the question of our English Academy properly dis- cussed. Four years ago there was some desul- tory talk upon the subject in the Daily Graphic continued for three weeks or so. But in that correspondence the real points, the points of importance, were hardly more than touched. Most of the objectors assumed that an English Academy must necessarily be an exact copy of the French, with its very limited number and its very objectionable practice of canvassing. For my own part, I should like above all things to see an English Academy, but of a wider kind. This opinion is advanced as purely personal. There are many members of this Society whose views, I know, are exactly the opposite. There should be very important differences between our Academy and the French. In number, for instance. The number forty was chosen when French writers addressed a nation of ten millions with about one million who could read. If the proportions were preserved that forty would now be fifteen hundred at least—too large a body to allow of the election keing a distinction. Since, in our own speech, a writer now addresses a possible audience of a hundred and twenty millions, who can all read; since, if he is successful, he becomes actually known to a fourth at least of that number, would it be too much to give the English Academy, representing all branches of literature, one hundred members? And would it be too much to expect these members to find out for themselves the men and women most worthy of honour? Whether the Academy should have any functions or duties to perform, or whether membership would be a distinction only, is a question that may be reserved. THE AUTHOR. The Secretary has placed in my hands a letter, which contains the following passage : I believe in the Society of Authors, but so far, while you have most kindly helped me to an abundance of advice, the Society does not seem able to point out publishers who will take MSS. by approved authors and deal fairly with them. If we could do this in every case, all our diffi- culties would be removed. We cannot say of any publisher that he will take MSS. by approved authors ; one can no more persuade a publisher to take a MS. than one can persuade a man to put money in any kind of enterprise ; he has to satisfy his own mind first, and many an author would be surprised to learn the publisher's opinion of his commercial value. As for the fair dealing, we can tell every author beforehand the kind of treatment he will receive at any house; whether he will be bled by secret profits for instance ; whether he will be lured into confidence by an engaging frankness, and then stripped of this right or that right; whether the agreement offered may be considered fair or unfair; whether the publisher will keep that agreement ; whether the estimate of the cost of production is fraudu- lent or not—all these things we can do for our members, and it really seems a good deal. The Figaro has been throwing a little light on the cost of production in Paris. The writer signs himself “ Un Indiscret,’’ which very clearly indi- cates that the same mystery has been thrown over the cost of production in France that we have encountered—and dispersed—here. He takes a French novel of 300 pages, at 30 lines to a page, in the ordinary large type used for such books. T have before me such a volume of Guy de Mau- passant’s, only with 34 lives to a page. A first edition of 1200 copies costs to produce, he says, 1100 francs, a good deal less than such a volume would cost here. If it isa first novel the publisher gives the author 350 francs for it. The average price to the trade is 2°25 francs. If the whole edition goes off the publisher makes a profit of 800 francs. But the whole edition of an unknown novelist may not go off. Thus he may lose by his venture. In this country he would make the author guarantee him against any Icss. It is not stated whether the first novel is bought right out for 350 francs, but that would appear to be the custom. The writer—‘ Un Indiscret” —goes on to tell us that poetry is always paid for by the poet—Alas! poor poet !—and that in many cases where a poet has actually made what appears, outside, to be a considerable name, it must be confined to a very small circle, because nobody buys the new poetry. He then gives figures showing the order of popularity of French novelists. His figures have been dis- 437 puted, so that one need not reproduce them here. The first five, however, are said to be Zola, Daudet, Octave Feuillet, Loti, and Ohnet. Twenty years ago, when there was no copyright with America, anyone in tbis country might pro- duce any American book without paying the author anything. This was done in a great many instances. Prof. Brander Matthews pointed out in a paper published, three or four years ago, in New York, that piracy by publishers was carried on as vigorously in this country as in America. It is therefore pleasant to publish such a letter as the following, addressed to Messrs. Ward, Lock, Bowden, and Co., by the American writer, Max Adeler : It is just twenty years, I think, since my business rela- tions with you were begun. At the end of this long period I regard it as an obligation, as assuredly it is a very great pleasure, to bear testimony to the fact that your treatment of me has been of the most honourable character, and to thank you very cordially for the uniform kindness that I have received at your hands. You could have done nothing for me, in justice to yourselves, that you have not done. The only note that jars is the use of the word “kindness ” instead of “justice.” Not that one doubts either, but between two parties to a business transaction it is justice and not kind- ness that is wanted. The annual meeting of the Authors’ Club, held on the 4th inst., disclosed a very satisfactory condi- tion. The club numbers 300 members ; its rooms are always well filled; the coffee-room charges are extremely moderate, and the members seem quite satisfied with the actual position and_pro- spects of their club. The chairman pointed out that if the numbers were increased by another hundred, a great deal more could be done for the club. A library of reference is in course of forma- tion. Various sub-committees were elected by the members present. The purpose of the founders, to create a club of literary men which shall be at once well appointed and strictly moderate in its charges, promises to be successfully carried out. Every member is a shareholder in the club ; each share is £5, but only £2 are called up; the annual subscription is 4 guineas; once a month there is a house dinner; the situation of the club in Whitehall-court is absolutely central. Perhaps the statement of these facts may recommend the club to those readers of this paper who want such a club. Se The council of the San Francisco Exhibition is about to imitate its Chicago predecessor in holding congresses. ‘There are to be congresses on Mines and Mining, on Economics, on Medicine, on Edu- 438 cation, on Astronomy, on Music, on Temperance, on the Condition of Women, and on Literature. I fear that not many English men or women of letters will appear at the last-named conference, but there may be some. Those to whom a fort- night’s journey does not seem too great a fatigue —those who can spare two months—may find it pleasant and profitable to visit California and take part in the congress. And perhaps there may be among our members one or two who would represent the Society as the delegates. One is quite sure from our experience of Chicago that the reception they would meet would be cordial. — In London for April 19 there appeared an ex- cellent analysis of the reading and the authors read inthe Free Libraries of this City. Our space does not allow us to extract anything from this interesting and valuable paper, but we hope to return to the subject next month. The question of publishing the list of members has awakened very little interest. Since there have been so few replies to the question, and since the balance of opinion, so far, is distinctly against publishing the list, it is not probable that the recent decision of the committee against publish- ing will be immediately reconsidered. Prof. A. C. Mackenzie, Mus.D., Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, has joined the Council and the Executive Committee. Up to the end of April 110 new members since the beginning of the year had either been elected or had sent in their applications for membership. oo At the last moment I have received from the shorthand reporter certain speeches made at a dinner of the Booksellers’ Provident Institution by Mr. John Murray and Mr. Frederick Mac- millan. The remarks which they suggest must wait till our next number, Water BEsant. ect Mopern Literature In Oxrorp. During Hilary Term, 1894, several public lectures were held. Mr. Palgrave read a paper on “The Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama.” Dr. Lentzner gave two lectures on ‘“ Henrik Ibsen,” and began an exposition of “ Goethe’s Faust” by delivering three lectures on the subject. Mr. Morfill delivered a lecture on “Servian Ballad Poetry.” THE AUTHOR. ENGLISH RABELAISIANS. HE influence of Rabelais on English litera- ture has been great and continuous. His satirical work has been pillaged and imitated by very many English writers, and often without the slightest acknowledgment. Rabelais is essentially a literary man’s author. He is “heathen Greek,” or worse, to most general readers, but to a large number of men of letters of the last three centuries he has been a cherished companion; and his influence on the style of many writers has been considerable. A knowledge of Rabelais seems to have spread in England with remarkable rapidity, for in less than half a century after the creator of Pan- tagruel died with a jest upon his lips, reference to his heroes—especially Gargantua—are found thickly scattered over the pages of English writers. There are several in Shakespeare, as, for instance, in “ As You Like It,” when Rosalind overwhelms her cousin with questions, ending with the demand, ‘‘ Answer me in one word.” Celia replies, ‘ You must borrow me Gargantua’s mouth first—’tis a word too great for any mouth of this age’s size.” Similar allusions are common all through Elizabethan literature. Ben Jonson speaks of ‘‘ Gargantuan breeches’; and, indeed, in those days when men’s trunk-hose were worn of the most preposterous size, padded and swelled out to a ridiculous extent, the Rabelaisian adjec- tive was highly appropriate. Nashe, in one of his truculently satirical tracts, calls a pamphleteering antagonist a ‘“‘Gargantuan bag-pudding” ; and, again, euphoniously styles the stately galleons of the Spanish Armada ‘“ Gargantuan boysterous culliguts.” Similar examples might be given from most writers of the Elizabethan period. The name of the gigantic Gargantua was prominent in the oral folk-lore of Brittany, Normandy, and other parts of France, long b:fore Rabelais made him the hero of his chronicle, but the name was almost unknown in literature, and there can be no doubt that our Elizabethan writers were indebted to Rabelais for their knowledge of the ancient giant who derived his name from his appetite. In Spain garganta means the gorge or gullet, and the Spanish for glutton is garganton. Three English writers, two of whom are better known than the third—Swift, Sterne, and Thomas Amory—have all been dubbed in turn “The English Rabelais.” The title was conferred on Swift by Voltaire, and is not inappropriate, for the Dean of St. Patrick’s, in his display of fierce satire and brilliant wit, mingled with much gross- ness of thought and speech, is certainly of the family of Rabelais. Not only does he often THE AUTHOR. resemble the great Frenchman in matter and style, but some of the incidents in “Gulliver” are boldly imitated—one might almost say “ con- veyed ”—from the history of Pantagruel. Sterne may perhaps be regarded as the most thoroughly Rabelaisian of English writers, if we leave out of sight the moral purpose and the deep thought that informed and justified the satire of the curé of Meudon. Sterne has abundance of wit and satire, but very little moral purpose. Mr. Percy Fitzgerald says that, “the cast of the whole Shandean history, its tone and manner and thought, is such as would come from one saturated, as it were, with Rabelais, and the school that imitated Rabelais.” This is rather strongly put, for, after all, the resemblances between Sterne and the great Frenchman are mostly on the surface. There can be no doubt that Sterne took Rabelais as his model—his chapter on noses is a direct imitation of his great original—but tricks of style and modes of thought are not very difficult to catch, and imitation, to a writer of Sterne’s style and temperament, is an easy and congenial task. Sterne gives us Rabelaisian wit and humour and pathos, with a mixture of Rabelaisian gross- ness, al] in a style modelled upon that of his master; but there the resemblance ends. It is only in comparatively recent years that the true worth and aims and position of Rabelais have been properly appreciated. The popular view of the satirist is expressed in Pope’s lines to Swift, in the “ Dunciad :”— Whether thou choose Cervantes’ serious air, Or laugh and shake in Rab’lais’ easy chair. And this “ easy-chair”’ view, which recognises the great Frenchman only as a humorist of a rather gross type, takes no note of his wonderful satirical powers, of his attacks upon the corrup- tions of his age in morals and in religion, his condemnation of the miserable modes of educa- tion then in vogue, and his exhortations to higher ideals in life and labour, which culminate in his description of the abbey of Theleme. All these high aims and large views could have been plainly preached in those days only at the cost of the preacher's life, and for this reason the satirist put on the fool’s cap and disguised his real intentions and meaning amid a mass of jest: and fun of the most boisterous sort, giving the cap and bells an extra shake whenever the disguise had become for a moment too thin. It is easy, nowadays, for the careful student to read between the lines, to separate the chaff from the genuine wheat of the book; and there ran be little doubt but that many of his con- temporaries similarly penetrated the disguise, 439 and recognised the reformer and preacher behind the antic mask and habit of the clown. The third “ English Rabelais” was Thomas Amory, the author of the “Life of John Buncle.” This extraordinary book, which was published about a hundred and _ thirty years ago, is in the Shandean style —ex- tremely discursive, with discourses on every imaginable subject, mixed up with the discussion of the author’s notions on theology. The laugh- ing spirit of Rabelais pervades the whole. The book was a favourite with Lamb. He recom- mended it to Coleridge’s notice as ‘a most curious romance-like work . . very inte- resting, and an extraordinary compound of all manner of subjects, from the depths of the ludicrous to the heights of sublime religious truth,’ Hazlitt says that the soul of Francis Rabelais passed into Amory—‘ both were phy- sicians, and enemies of too much gravity. Their great business was to enjoy life.” This, again, hardly does justice to the Frenchman. The “easy-chair” view of his work was still pre- dominant. A clearer view of his life and aims was set forth by Coleridge. In his “Table Talk” he exclaims :—‘I think with some interest upon the fact that Rabelais and Luther were born in the same year, Glorious spirits! Glorious spirits!” Coleridge recognised that however diverse were the characters and methods of these two great men--and no two men could have been more unlike one another—yet, essentially, their aims were the same. In another passage, the author of the “ Ancient Mariner” says:—‘ Beyond doubt, Rabelais was among the deepest, as well as boldest thinkers of his age. His buffoonery was not merely Brutus’s rough stick which con- tained a rod of gold; it was necessary as an amulet against the monks andlegates. . . . I could write a treatise in praise of the moral elevation of Rabelais’ work which would make the Church stare and the conventicle groan, and yet would be truth, and nothing but the truth.” G. L. APPERSON. recs CORRESPONDENCE. I.—HeErsert SPENCER AND LITERATURE. N the notice of Miss Gingell’s “ Aphorisms from the Works of Herbert Spencer” im last month’s Author (p. 401), the writer dealing with Mr. Spencer’s views upon education and literature, says that ‘we must not blink the fact that, except in the sense of scientific litera- ture, it (literature) plays no part at all,” 440 developing this a few lines later on by the remark “as long as the knowledge of crtain subjects—let us say especially history—has even a conventional value in social life, surely parents are justified in giving some of it to their children. The wish that these latter should not feel ignorant and awkward in such society as they will probably get does not appear to be entirely an unreasonable one.” The inferences intended to be drawn being that Mr. Spencer thinks pure literature of no educa- tional value; that such subjects as history are valueless; and that it matters not if children feel ignorant and awkward in the society they move in. ‘To anyone who is acquainted with Mr. Spencer’s works it will be quite unnecessary to say how entirely incorrect these statements are. To others it may be of interest to know what our great philosopher has himself said upon these very points. In “ Education” is written, “We yield to none in the value we attach to esthetic culture and its pleasures. Without painting, sculpture, music, poetry, and _ the emotions produced by natural beauty of every kind, life would lose half its charm. So far from regarding the training and gratification of the tastes as unimportant, we believe that in time to come they will occupy a much larger share of human life than now’”’ (Lib. ed., p. 38). In the “Principles of Ethics’”—‘ Literary culture has a high claim, and we may also admit that, as conducing to wealth and force of expression by furnishing materials for metaphor and allusion, it increases mental power and social effectiveness. In the absence of it con- versation is bald” (Vol. I, p.520). That Mr. Spencer values very highly the instruction to be gained from history follows not only from his compilations of ‘‘ Descriptive Sociology,” but also from the somewhat detailed way in which he has defined the kind of history which is alone of use to the citizen for the regulation of his conduct. Summing up, he says: The facts of history “given with as much brevity as consists with clearness and accuracy should be so grouped and arranged that they may be comprehended in their ensemble, and contemplated as mutually dependent parts of one great whole. The aim should be so to present them that men may readily trace the consensus subsisting among them ; with a view of learning what social pheno- mena co-exist with what others”? (‘‘ Education,” Pp. 35): The ill-adaptation of children to their society may be easily met by the truth enunciated throughout,the “ Principles of Biology ’”—indeed, this work cannot be truly comprehended until this truth is thoroughly mastered, and one can THE AUTHOR. as it were think in terms of it. That life 7s the correspondence between internal and external relations; that the degree of life varies as the degree of this correspondence; that perfect correspondence would be perfect life. F, Howarp Couns. II.—Tuer MisrortuNnes oF THE CASUAL ConTRIBUTOR. With reference to your recent correspondence dealing with the relations between editor and casual contributor, when will the latter recognise thaf, as Mr. Barrie puts it, ‘‘ there are only about a dozen papers in London worth writing for’’? When will they see that what is not good enough for a first-class paper or magazine really had better remain unpublished ? Over and over again have you laid down the sound rule that if good publishers decline MSS., to send them to the lower grade houses is worse than useless. The same rule applies to journalism. Send your articles to the best dailies, the leading reviews, the most well-known magazines. If these decline them, set to work on something else ; if this too fails, take to palmistry or any other hobby, but recognise that distmction in the literary field is not for you. Let me give my own experience. Ihave written for a period between four and five years. In that time (I am not speaking of the regular work I have had, but only of casual contributions) I have had contributions accepted by some ten or twelve of the most well-known papers and magazines, the names of some of which I inclose for your private inspection, Mr. Editor, that you may be able to see my authority for so calling them. I have sent nothing to any second-rate paper. The result has been that never once have I had any difficulty about payment, my only scruples have been sometimes in ‘accepting what seemed ludicrously high prices for the amount of work done. And so let me advise ‘ Lunette,” and those in like case, to fly at higher game, and if they fail therein, to give up writing entirely. ExprertTo CREDE. IlI.—“ Inpustrian Enauanp.” The following facts may be of interest to Authors who have been invited to contribute to a series of volumes which, under the general title of “Industrial England,” are announced as being in preparation under the editorship of James Burnley, who writes from 83, Queen- street, Cheapside, E.C., and who says that he has already made arrangements with, among others, Mr. W. M. Ackworth, Sir Robert Rawlin- THE AUTHOR. son, Mr. H. Fox Bourne, Sir Douglas Galton, Sir Charles Dilke, Mr. Joseph Hatton, Sir Douglas Fox, Mr. G. Barnett Smith, Mr. Grant Allen, the Rev. H. R. Haweis, Mr. Walter Crane, Mr. Morley Roberts, Dr. F. H. Bowman, Mr. Edward Walford, Mr. Archibald Forbes, Mr. Charles G. Leland, and Mr. J. F. Rowbotham, to contribute to his work. 1. On Nov. 11, 1893, Mr. James Burnley, unsolicited and without any introduction, wrote to inform me that the work in question “is now being carried out under my editorship for Messrs. Sampson Low, Marston, and Co.,” and to ask me to contribute on a specified technical subject. To this I replied expressing my willingness to con- tribute. [Editor's note.—Messrs. Sampson Low and Co. have written to state that they had incurred no responsibility in the project. ] 2. On Nov. 17, 1893, Mr. James Burnley wrote to thank me, and to request me to contribute two chapters of about five thousand words each, giving an outline history of the subject up to the beginning of the present century, and subse- quently to continue the history of it, on a more elaborate scale, down to the present moment. After specifying terms, Mr. Burnley concluded by declaring that “ payment would, of course, be made on receipt of same” (viz., of copy). I replied suggesting a written programme, and offering to write ten chapters which should cover the whole subject. 3. On Nov. 20, 1893, Mr. James Burnley wrote, returning my written programme or synopsis, and accepting my offer, adding: “I note that you say that you could let me have the whole of the chapters by April, but it might facili- tate matters if you let me have a couple of chapters in January.” I promised to let him have a couple of chapters in January, and on Jan. 17 I sent him them. 4. On Jan. 18, 1894, Mr. James Burnley acknow- ledged the receipt of these chapters, adding : “I shall soon be able to place them in the hands of the printers, and will forward you proofs in due course.” Some days having elapsed, and Mr. Burnley being a total stranger to me, Iseut him a request for payment for these chapters. 5. On Feb. 5, 1894, Mr. James Burnley wrote : “ Referring to your letter of the other day, I shall have pleasure in placing the matter of your remu- neration before the proprietors at their meeting next week, and will get the account passed.” This wholly unexpectel introduction of “the proprietors” was not quite satisfactory to me; yet I waited patiently until Feb. 13, when I called upon Mr. James Burnley at his office, and saw him 441 in presence of a young lady who appeared to be his type-writing assistant. He expressed himself as being extremely pleased with what I had done for him, and promised to let me hear from him ‘in the course of two or three days ;” but, as he omitted to keep his promise, I wrote on Feb. 21 again requesting payment. 6. On Feb. 22, Mr. Burnley replied, objecting to the tone of my letter, disclaiming any desire to avoid his obligations; pleading that, as he was working with others, “these things had to go through a regular routine;” professing to be “unaware that it is usual to pay for articles on delivery, unless there has been an express stipula- tion to that effect” (see 2); but magnanimously deprecating “ any intention on his part of appeal- ing to the supposed custom”’ ; and hoping “in the course of next week to be able to do what is necessary.” I answered on Feb. 23, insisting that payment was due to meas a right and not as a favour, and saying that unless I received it on or before Feb. 27 I should take further advice. 7. Mr. James Burnley appears to have shown this letter of mine to a friend of his, who wrote on the 26th, asking me to go and see him on the subject in the City. I replied to this gentleman that I could not undertake to do this, as, so far as I knew, no facts were in dispute. 8. Mr. James Burnley wrote to me on Feb. 27, as follows, not on “ Industrial England” paper, but on paper which declared Mr. James Burnley to be a representative of the Gentlewoman, the Bradford Observer, the Nottingham Express, the Leeds Daily News, andthe Yorkshireman, and to be the author of numerous books. The letter was, like a'l the previous ones, type-written ; but on this occasion only, Mr. Burnley forgot to sign his name. “Since,” he said, “ you are so im- patient and unreasonable, I have no alternative but to retura you your MS. It is against all custom to pay for articles before they are used, as you must know. You have allowed no time for the reading or consideration of the articles ; all you have done is simply to deliver them and demand payment—a most unusual course, and one which the proprietors resent. I shall defend any action you may think proper to bring.” g. I acknowledged the return of the articles, explaining that I did so without prejudice. Iam not at present satisfied that an action against Mr. Burnley would greatly benefit my position ; but Iam persuaded that it is desirable that the facts, as set forth above, should be known to authors and to “ the proprietors.” W. 1. C. 442 IV.—An Apvertising Firm. 1. My attention is directed by an innocent young neighbour, who desires to add to her income by her pen, to an attractive notice to authors in a newspaper, to the effect that a firm of publishers want MSS. of sorts, and my advice asked. TUreply “ Wait a little.” 2. I select a MS. story of my own for which I have no immediate use, and send it to the said firm. Itis a story of about 18,000 words, and might, by the exhibition of lead in copious doses, be unhealthily distended to a volume of about seven sheets of pica, I should think. 3. “ After compliments,” the firm propose that Ishould pay them £46, and that they should pro- duce the workin attractive paper covers at Is.,in a first edition of 2000; assure me that I should have two-thirds of the proceeds of sales; add that advertising, reviewing, and the other techni- calities of publishing should have their especial care, and are mine faithfully. 4. I acknowledge compliments, and _ present these gentlemen with mine, adding the following brief calculation: Suppose the whole edition of 2000 (less fifty for the “technicality” of reviewing) to be sold out at the price of 64d., not taking thirteen as twelve, or other reduc- tions into consideration; and suppose me_ to take my two-thirds, I should issue trium- phantly forth £10 15s. 10d. to the bad. There- fore I decline. I further say that during the whole time I have been writing anything which has been published, I have had books brought out at various houses, but never been asked before to pay sixpence ; that, on the contrary, I have usually been paid. Finally I propose a very small royalty or sale outright at a price named. 5. I receive a much briefer letter, with less compliments, inviting me to pay £36 and receive half the proceeds of an edition of 3000. 6. I treat the house to a fresh calculation, based on their improved proposal, and proceed- -ing on the same assumptions as the last, of which the result is that under the most favourable circumstances possible I shall receive about £3, and they will receive about £75, less cost of production of a paper-covered book of about seven sheets of pica. I then repeat my previous very moderate proposal. 7. These worthy publishers send back my MS. 8. I present the whole ‘“ object lesson”’ to my innocent young neighbour, and to all authors to whom it may be of use. A. B. THE AUTHOR. V.—THE EXPERIENCE OF A FAILURE. I was still in my teens when I first sent a paper to a children’s magazine, and I got £3 for it. I next sent a children’s story to a publisher, and received an offer of £5 for the copyright, which I accepted, but stipulated for another £5 if the work went into a second edition. This was some years ago, and the book is still selling. A year afterwards the same publisher offered me £10 for my second book. Irefused, and took the book elsewhere. After some difference about the title, I accepted £36 for the copyright, nothing being said about future editions. Then a fire occurred at this office, and my MS. was burnt. I re-wrote it, half from rough copy, and half from memory. After this I sold another story to the same publisher for £30; it was put into type, but kept unpublished for eight years. During these eight years L wrote a story for girls and two novels. Of the latter, one was refused by fourteen pub- lishers, The other I sent to yet another publisher —he gave ine £50 for the copyright, and the book appeared in 3 vols., receiving long notices both in the Saturday Review and the Spectator. I also received, in addition, £10 which had been sent from America. That was the high-water mark of my literary career. JI then wrote a children’s story, which was offered to a society for £20. They sent me £16, and I had to write and demand the other four. I next wrote a story of Eastern life, and sent it to the same society, with the same instructions. They put the book in type, and then sent it me back, with the excuse that they had expected another children’s story. About this time I became a member of the “ Society of Authors.” I now brought out through a magazine my previously despised novel. Isold the serial rights for £20, and at the end of the year I accepted £25 for the copy- right. It was published at once in book form. Iwas then advised to try short stories for the magazines. I got one accepted, and was well paid. I sent a second—it was returned because the maga- zine had stopped. I sent the story to another new magazine, and was offered £2. I objected, and the story was returned with an increase in the offer to £10. I accepted it. This is about two years ago, and since then my record has been one of unbroken failure. As I honestly believe that my last two years’ work is not inferior, I do not know where the fault lies. FLevr-pE-Lys. A Se VI.—Printine ABROAD. In “Notes and News” last month it is stated that “more than any other class, writers should be interested in helping all those who work to obtain fair wages, because the circulation of their THE work depends on the general prosperity, not the enrichment of a few;’’ and, further, that “ we must remember that sending work out of the country means so much lowering of the general prosperity.” The general prosperity is best obtained by having things at the lowest possible cost, putting them within the reach of the greatest number, and that can be done only by making the cost of production as low as possible, so as to enable the means of the poorest to buy the greatest number of things. This is enriching the many. Tf, to bring this about, certain work has to be sent out of the country to be done, the prosperity of the country is advanced thereby, for then the article in question is placed within the reach of a still poorer class than if it had been produced in the home country at an artificial, because unnaturally high, rate of wage. The workers in the home country who are thrown out of employment thereby, and thus become a burden on the community, cause but an indirect and temporary lowering of the general prosperity. They, and if not they, their descen- dants, find other means of livelihood; meantime the general benefit of the nation is enhanced by the price of goods being lowered ; the more they are lowered, the greater the general benefit, for this lowering usually rouses activity in many new and hitherto unseen directions. Had the interests only of those who were thrown out of work by an alteration in the means of production being always considered, no im- provements would ever have taken place. The interest of the many would always have been sacrificed to that of the few, and no gain in general prosperity could have been made. HH. He VII.—A Hanpsooxk ror AUTHORS. Tam very glad that somebody has dreamed of a “ Handbook for Authors.”’ It is all very well to write or type a MS., but the great question is— where is the market for it? It is true all editors are not alike—some are exceedingly considerate, and seem to remember the time when they themselves were contributors. I desire to mention the editor of the People’s Friend (Dundee) and the editor of the Young Man as especially considerate to those who send them MSS. In the new “handbook” let the author tell exactly what “rate”? each editor is willing to give for accepted papers; how long each editor usually keeps MSS.; what each paper or maga- zine wayts and what it does not want. And, above all, let clear notice be made if the payment is monthly, quarterly, or yearly.. I think most AUTHOR. 443 sensible editors will weleome such a handbook quite asmuchas «8 Stormy. VIIIL—A Recent ExpPerreNce OF THE GENUS Eprror. The editorial chair of a certain periodical, which your humble servant has for some years fed with the poor munitions of his literary armoury, is now filled bya stranger. ‘This gentle- man, in the usual course of business, was pro- vided with a specimen of the writer’s poor abilities in the shape of a printed (not type-written) original article on a military topic, in which the genius of the French language lends itself most admirably to the technique of composition. Now your correspondent is well aware that any tirade which bristles with foreign terms and idioms suggests, ipso facto, a scant acquaintance with the mother tongue; but this position is hardly tenable in the case of an essay of some 8000 words or more, which contains but from seven or eight borrowings from foreign idioms. This, how- ever, is one of the “rocks of offence,” which, in the face of the fact that the article is submittec for prompt use by reason of its being a “ subject of the hour,’ the editor quotes as a reason for delay in publishing. A further ground of objection is suggested in the use of participial subordinate sentences, which as most of your readers will allow, obviates verbiage in the form of relative clauses, and con- stitutes a marked feature in most of the Latin tongues. The third objection to the immediate use of an’ article — originally submitted on conditional terms—is that it is too plain spoken as to certain acknowledged and existent errors in the military autonomy. As no single ungraceful or dis- courteous term is used, one is at a loss to under- stand why innuendoes are to be substituted for the open criticism of that abstraction called a “system.” Meanwhile the “ modifications” pro- posed are awaited by your correspondent with some curiosity, not unmixed with disquietude. The last, but by no means the least, lapsus calami (as this candid if captious critic will have it to be) is the alternative uses of “I” and “we fs within the limits of the same article. Now, on this, as on other points, the writer appeals to the Author for an opinion as to the accepted laws and regulations on this disputed (?) question. Is it or is it not the case that many writers of prose consistently perpetrate this asserted error on the following grounds? When an assertion is pre- sumed to carry with it the general assent of the reading world or public, for which the essay is written, it is considered permissible to use the pronoun plural “ we,” whereas whensoever the 444 writer will hazard his own opinions the more dogmatic “I” is used to back his theory and to differentiate between personal opinion and accepted facts. It remains only to add that it is, to say the least of it, a curious anomaly that in face of so much adverse criticism the said editor asks for more in the shape of “copy” from his poor con- tributor, who now begs some member of your society to “ break a lance” in his favour, or at least to guide him into right paths. F.C. 0. J. IX.—Tue Rieut or APPEARANCE. A practice exists which seems to me to call for the consideration of the Society of Authors as the protectors of literary property. It has been often said that a writer is paid in two ways, by money and by reputation. Now, there is a large and increasing number of periodicals which accept, and in some few cases even pay for, a very much larger number of contributions than they can possibly use. These are generally stored in the offices until a periodical clearance is made of them. In some cases they find their way back to the authors, but as often as not are sent to the paper mills. It seems to me that this is a wrong that calls for a remedy, and I submit that an opportunity should be taken to raise and to decide the point whether the author of a signed contribution is not entitled to call for publication within a reasonable limit, or to place his MS. elsewhere. It is an outrage to argue that a money payment dis- charges the obligation. x specs “AT THE SIGN OF THE AUTHOR'S HEAD.” Sa R. T. F. UTTLEY has written a duodecimo volume entitled “How to become a Solicitor; or, Hints to Articled Clerks.” In addition to other information, the book has an appendix of examination questions set duing 1893. In last number of the Author (p. 413) Major Seton Churchill’s name appeared as Major Seton Carr, The announcement was of a book on Betting and Gambling. “The Law anl Lawyers of Pickwick,’ being the (revised) Jecture on the subject recently delivered by Mr. Frank Lockwood, Q.C., M.P., is in preparation, and will shortly be issued by the Roxburghe Press, 3, Victoria-street, West- THE AUTHOR. minster, and 32, Charing-cross, S.W. Mr. Lockwood has sketched an original “ Buzfuz” for the frontispiece. Mr. Stephenson, the author of ‘ Mrs. Severn,” a successful temperance story, has written a second story, “Helena Hadley,” which is to be published in the autumn. A new edition of Mr. Mackenzie Bell’s mono- graph on Charles Whitehead, with extracts from his work, is about to appear. Prefixed to it is an appreciation of Whitehead by Mr. Hall Caine. The Rev. J. J. Halcombe has reprinted from the Guardian his letter on ‘The Gospel Problem: Fourfold not Synoptic.” “The Dead Hand,” a tale of old Manchester, by Mrs. G. Linneus Banks, is continued in the Manchester Monthly. A new work by Mr. J. E. Gore, F.R.AS., entitled “The Worlds of Space,” a series of popular articles on astronomical subjects, has just been published by Messrs. A. D. Innes and Co., Bedford-street, Strand. Miss Eleanor Holmes’s last novel, ‘‘ The Price of a Pearl,” has been issued in a popular edition in America by Messrs. Harper, and forms the March number of what is known as the Franklin- square Library. Mr. Arthur Paterson has written a story called “The Daughter of the Nez Pere¢s.” It is strictly founded on fact. The chief incidents are taken from records by officers in the American army, who were engaged in active service against the Nez Percés Indians in 1879. The heroine has been brought up in the east. She rejoins her people to reclaim them from barbarism; but at an unfortunate moment, the nation being at war with the American Government, The interest of the story lies in the troubles of the Indians and the position of the girl among them, with the addition of her own romance. Attention is also drawn to the character of her father, Chief Joseph—well known to all students of Indian history—and his brother chiefs, who, with all the faults of their race and training, were made of stuff any nation might be proud to call its own. The publishers are Messrs. Bentley and Sons. The latest volume in “ The Independent Novel Series” is called “Theories: Studies from a Modern Woman,” by “A.N.T.A.P.” Some writers split their stories up into books, and the books into chapters, as, for example, “A Tale of Two Cities, in three books,” each book having its chapters numbered afresh. As this would be unnecessary in. shorter works, the author. of THE AUTHOR. “Theories” splits the work up into studies, with the titles—(1) “Courtship and Marriage ;” (2) “ Socialism and Society ;” (3) “The Theories Falter ;” and (4) ‘In Ruins.” Mrs. Leith Adams’s new novel, “ Colour-Serjeant No. 1 Company,” will be published immediately by Messrs. Jarrold and Sons. The work has already appeared in AJl the Year Round. The Scotsman has described it as ‘‘ 2 masterpiece of human pathos and clever portraiture.” Mr. W. P. James’s “ Romantic Professions ”’ is a collection of essays republished from magazines. Besides the first essay, which gives the title to the work, there are seven others: (2) “‘ The Nemesis of Sentimentalism,” (3) ‘‘ Romance and Youth,” (4) “On the Naming of Novels,” (5) ‘‘ Names in Novels,” (6) “Fhe Historical Novel,” (7) *‘ The Poet as Historian,” (8) “The Great Work.” The third paper, “Romance and Youth,” has been made the subject of wide comment with refer- ence to the child-marriages brought to light by Dr. Furnival in his researches into the marriage register of the time of Queen Eliza- beth. Readers of fiction will recall that the child marriage, for political reasons in the time of James IT., has been used with great success by John and Katharine Saunders in their novel, “ The Lion in the Path.” “Dave’s Sweetheart,” by Mary Gaunt, is the author’s first novel, though she has fre- quently contributed to periodical literature. The scene of the story is laid in Australia, not in the cities, but in the country of northern Victoria, and the chief characters are miners, police, and the family who kept the “ Lucky Digger Hotel.’ There are references to the existence of Chinamen and natives; in fact, a whole crowd of men, among whom for miles around there are but two women, the wife of the keeper of the “ Lucky Digger” and his daughter by a previous marriage, who is grown up, and is the heroine of the story. The author is at least at home in describing the peculiarities of the rough life of the miners, their relation with the police, and with one another. We hope that the author next time will give us something of the brighter side of life. It is published in 2 vols. by Edward Arnold. Mr. J. BE. Muddock has written a story called “The Star of Fortune,’ which will shortly be issued. The scenes are principally laid in India during the great Mutiny. The author was in India during the Mutiny years, and had many exciting experiences, which he has utilised to advantage in the present work. The publishers are Messrs. Chapman and Hall. The same author’s successful story, “For God and the 445 Czar,” published by George Newnes Linited, has been translated into Hebrew, and is now appearing serially in a Jewish paper called Hazophe which is printed in London by Meczyk, Latner, and Co. Dick Donovan, the well-known writer of detec- tive stories, commences a new serial in the Million this month. The title is ‘ Eugéne Vidocq,” and it deals with the thrilling career of the celebrated French adventurer who subse- quently distinguished himself as a detective. The Rev. Dr. Lansdell has brought out in two volumes an account of his journeys in Chinese Central Asia as a pioneer for missionary work. Dr. Lansdell was away two years and seven months, and seems to be well satisfied with the result of his travels. His work shows that he is able to point out in what places in Central Asia Church of England missionaries are wanted, and where they may hope for real conversions. In addition to acquiring this knowledge, as he was visiting countries unknown to science, he made an extensive collection of the different fauna. The author of “ Mark Tillotson” is at present in Bohemia, where he is travelling with an artist, Mr. Henry Whateley, in connection with his forthcoming volume on Bohemia, to be published in “The Pen and Pencil Series” of the Religious Tract Society. He has also penetrated to the mountain prison of “the great forgotten English- man” at Gutstein, a description of which will appear in his volume upon that fifteenth century hero. The poem entitled ‘Woman the Messiah,” now running in the Modern Review, is by Ellis Ethelmar, the author of ‘“‘ Woman Free.” It is pleasant to congratulate Mr. Percy White on his novel, “ Mr. Bailey-Martin” (Hememann). The pen of the satirist is here at work, and the pictures of late nineteenth century snobbism are as amusing as they are clever. Mrs. Alec Tweedie’s book, “A Winter Jaunt to Norway” (Bliss, Sands, and Foster), which appeared in February last, is now in a second edition, It contains personal accounts of Ibsen, Bjérnson, Nansen, and Brandes. News may be heard in May or June of Dr. Nansen and his expedition, if he left letters at the New Siberian Islands last autumn, as he at one time contem- plated doing. Mrs. Tweedie’s book is very fully illustrated, and contairs a portrait of the authoress. The following notes are taken from the Dial of Chicago: The hundredth anniversary of Bryant’s birth- day will be celebrated Nov. 3, at Great Bar- 446 rington, Mass., where the poet was married, and lived for several years. The following Southey autograph, recently sold in London, is contributed to “ Poet-lore” by Mr. W. G. Kingsland : ; Mr. Southey, writer of autographs, in consequence of the great and unsolicited employment which he has obtained in that line of business, begs leave to lay before his friends and the public the following scale of charges :— Le ed. A Signature... 0-3 4 Ditto in extra penmanship, ‘with date and time of place Ke o0 6 8 Ditto with a motto or text of ‘Scripture a SO 19 aw Ditto with an extract from the writer’s poetry . ei oe ee Ditto with the poetry unpublished | I 11 6 Ditto with the poetry composed for the occasion... 3 3.0 Ditto being sentimental, ‘and ‘nob ‘exceeding six lines : We ee B50 Ditto being humorous ane Nase aa eee Ditto being complimentary ... . 1010 0 N.B.—All warranted original. Spec OBITUARY. I—Dr. Poout, THE LIBRARIAN. HE Dial, of Chicago, gives an account of the life and work of the late Dr. Poole, the librarian, who was a constant contributor to that journal. The first number contained a review from his pen. He was best known in this country as the compiler of the ‘“ Index of Perio- dical Literature.” Dr. Poole had been assistant librarian in Boston from 1850 to 1869, and chief librarian of the Cincinnati Public Library till 1893, when he undertook the librarianship of the Chicago Public Library. Since 1887 he had been engaged in organising the Newbery Reference Library of Chicago. Of his aims, so far as his profession was concerned, the Dial writes : Librarianship, in this country, has during the past twenty years become one of the learned professions; that it has become so is due in very great measure to the efforts of Dr. Poole. To secure for his fellow workers the recognition accorded to the clergyman, the lawyer, and the physician ; to substitute the trained bibliographer for the mere custodian of books; to establish professional schools of librarianship ; to make the public familiar with the principles of rational library architecture ; to facilitate access tc collections of books, and to enlarge their usefulness by library helps prepared by the co-operation of bibliographers—these were, briefly stated, the aims towards whose accomplishment he devoted, for a full half-century, an exceptionally active and industrious life. In which connection it is interesting to note that he represented America at the first Inter- national Conference of Librarians, held in London THE AUTHOR. in 1877. Of his methods as a librarian we read that they were characterised by sagacious practicality and clear common sense. He mistrusted the elaborate scientific systems now in vogue with our younger bibliographers; systems which are excellent for the uses of the librarian, but sadly perplexing to most of the people for whom libraries are collected. His methods of classification and catalogue making were to a certain extent empirical, and not a little is to be said on behalf of empiricism in such matters. He never lost sight of the fundamental principle that books are meant to be used ; that their chief end is not attained when they are catalogued and shelved. He wanted the public to use the books under his charge, and encouraged such use in many ways. Dr. Poole’s historical work was chiefly con- nected with the early settlement of the Puritans, and, being himself one of their descendants, he stoutly defended his ancestors against the mis- representations under which they have suffered. Only last month he had an article in the Dial in their defence. The following is the account of “ Poole’s Index to Periodical Literature,” which is a worthy monument to the memory of the distinguished man of letters. The author began this important work as a student, when he was acting as librarian of a college society. Its first edition was printed in 1848, making an octavo of 154 pages. In 1853 it reappeared in an octavo of more than three times the thickness of the earlier volume. In 1882 (the author having meanwhile secured the co-operation of a number of his fellow librarians) it made its third and final appearance, again multiplied threefold as to the number of pages, and much more than that as to the quantity of matter. Two supplements have since been published, with the co-operation of Mr. W. I. Fletcher, bringing it down to 1892. IIT.—Mr. Wittiam Torrens M’CuLiace TORRENS. The death occurred yesterday, at his residence in Bryanston-square, of Mr. Wiliam Torrens M’Cullagh Torrens, who was the victim of a street accident on Tuesday last, from the effects of which he died. Mr. Torrens was the eldest son of Mr. James M’Cullagh, of Delville, county Dublin. He was born in October, 1813, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1834 and LL.B. in840. He became a member of Lincoln’s-inn, and practised at the Common Law Bar. He was appointed a Commissioner of the Poor Law Inquiry in Ireland in 1835, private secretary to Lord Taunton (then Mr. Labouchere) in 1846, and represented Dundalk from 1847 till July, 1852, when he was an unsuccessful candidate for Yarmouth, for which he was returned at the general election in March, 1857. He was returned for the old borough of Finsbury i in July, 1865, and sat for the borough in ‘four successive Parliaments. In 1863 he assumed, for family Hu etd reasons, the name of Torrens, which was his mother’s name before her marriage. He was a prominent member of the independent Liberal party, who secured by their support Mr. Disraeli’s proposal of household suffrage for towns, and in committee on the Bill he proposed and carried the lodger franchise. In the following year he brought in the Artisans’ Dwellings Bill, which passed both houses. In 1869 he obtained the adoption for London of the system of board- ing out children by Poor Law guardians ; and in 1870 an Act to amend the laws regarding extradition was passed in accordance with the recommendation of a committee for which Mr. Torrens had moved two years before. The School Board for London was suggested and proposed to Parliament by him as an amendment to Mr. Forster’s Elementary Education Bill, and he was himself elected a member of the School Board for Finsbury. When purchase in the army was abolished, he carried an address to the Crown against sending soldiers under age to serve in hot climates. Mr. Torrens was the author of “‘ Lectures onthe Study of History”; “The Life of R. L. Shiel”; “The Life and Times of Sir James Graham”; “The Industrial History of Free Natives’; “Our Empire in Asia: How We Came by It”; ‘“ Memoirs of Viscount Melbourne”’ ; “The Reform of Procedure in Parliament”; and “The Life of Lord Wellesley.” In 1885 he brought in and carried an Act limiting the charge for water rates in London to the amount from time to time of the public assessment. To him also is due the enactment removing the principal prisons from London in order to provide sites for workmen’s dwellings and public gardens. The work upon which he had been more or less engaged for twenty years, and which had engaged his unremitting attention during the past seven years, “The History of the Cabinets,” is just through the press, and will be issued next month. Mr. Torrens was in good health at the time of the accident which caused his death, and only last Saturday he appeared in public at the annual dinner of the London Association of Correctors of the Press, one of whose members had been his right hand in literary work for some years past. Owing to his defective sight he had previously been the victim of two similar accidents. Three years ago he was knocked down by a cab in Piccadilly, and was for some time in a dangerous condition.— Times, April 27. es THE AUTHOR. 447 NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS. Theology. Arnoup’s Braue Reapers. By M. T. Yates. Book I. Simple Bible Stories. Book I. Old Testament Stories. Book III. New Testament Stories. Edward Arnold. rod. each. Hartn, Ricwarp. Lay Religion, being some Outspoken Letters to a Lady on the Present Religious Situation, E. W. Allen. 2s. 6d. Herrorp, Rey. Brooks, D.D. Courage and Cheer. Sermons. Philip Green. 5s. Hicks, Epwarp. The Eucharist. From a Layman’s Point of View. Is. Hunter, Rev. 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Plays, Extra copies (carbon) supplied at the Type-writing from dictation Legal, Literary, Printed and Published by Horace Cox, Windsor House, Bream’s-buildings, London, E.C. BAKER’S GREAT BOOKSHOP, BIRMINGHAM. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Author, Vol. 04 Issue 12 (May 1894) Subject The topic of the resource The Author, Vol. 04 Issue 12 (May 1894) Type The nature or genre of the resource Publication Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1894-05-01-The-Author-4-12 publications The Author