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Title A name given to the resource The Author Subject The topic of the resource <em>The Author</em> Description An account of the resource A digitised run of the Society of Authors' monthly periodical, <em>The Author</em>, 1890<span>–</span>1914, made available together for the first time.<br /><br />Currently users can browse issues and <a href="https://historysoa.com/items/browse?search=&amp;advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&amp;advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&amp;advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&amp;advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Index&amp;collection=&amp;type=&amp;tags=&amp;exhibit=&amp;date_search_term=&amp;submit_search=Search+For+Items&amp;sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CTitle">indices</a> (not available for all volumes). Full text search for all issues, and other additional search functionality, will be added in 2022. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890–1914 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context The-Author-Issues Publication Date The date of an event (in YYYY, YYYY-MM or YYYY-MM-DD format) 1893-11-01 Volume 4 Issue 6 Pages Page range in volume 189–228 Ngram Date Version of the date in YYYYMMDD format for use by the Ngram plugin 18931101 Ngram Text Version of the text with no HTML formatting for use by the Ngram plugin Che Huthor. (The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.) CONDUCTED BY WALTER BESANT. Vou. IV.—No. 6.] NOVEMBER 1, 1893. [Prick SIXPENCE. CONTENTS. PAGE Warnings and Notices <n as Ge eae eee oe: olen The Book of the Future Literary Property— Correspondence— 1.—Proposed Amendment of American Copyright Law wax 198 1.—Authors and Publishers— 2.—Stevens v. Benning see oe — me aoe wee 195 1.—By Andrew Lang 3.—Hole v. Bradbury ... ee ae oe oe Seis Se 197 2.—By the Editor ... oe Sige sioe 4.—Harper v. Pick-Me-Up ... ue Eee ike eae see LOT 2.—West Indian Stories. By Jeb Slinter... 5.—Low vy. Volunteer Service Magazine ave sae os woe LOT 3.—Song Publishing... See oh ase 6.—On Illustrations... ae oo os see a cae 4.—James Defoe. By Hyde Clarke 7.—Copyright ... ae Ses Sees ees Ss ats «-» 198 5.—Reviewed Books. By X. Y. Z.... The International Copyright Union. By Sir Henry Bergne «.. 198 6.—Literary Paymasters. By H.R.G. ... ae Omnium Gatherum. By J. M. Lely ... a aay re oss AGO 7.—A ‘Second Edition.” By Daniel Dormer |. Zola and Anonymity. By H.E. W.... ae ae ose eco ieul 8.—A Contributor’s Experience. By Hubert Haes The Autumn Publishing Season ... ae os eae ee «+. 203 9.—Anonymous Criticism... ae 2 a Siti Centenary of Beatrice ... ee as ae one sos a 10.—Poets and Critics. By a Writer of Prose ... Book Talk ae a oR is mes es ies oe ve From the Papers— ee I ane 1 Dede ooed of Hawthornden ... Notes and News. By the Editor... on hee ase son eee 207 2.—Bust of Tennyson ... a Thackeray’s Women— __ ong 8.—Poet Pilgrims ee oe ee tits 2 Small Booksellers’ Shops. By the Rey. Henry Cresswell... ssa 210 New Books and New Editions PAGE soe wal. s. 212 214 1) 214 _ PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY. . The Annual Report. That for January 1892 can be had on application to the Secretary. . The Author. A Monthly Journal devoted especially to the protection and maintenance of Literary Property. Issued to all Members. . The Grievances of Authors. (The Leadenhall Press.) 1s. The Report of three Meetings on the general subject of Literature and its defence, held at Willis’s Rooms, March, 1887. 95, Strand, W.C.) 35. . The History of the Société des Gens de Lettres. By S. Squrre Spricen, late Secretary to the Society. 1s, I 2 38 4. Literature and the Pension List, By W. Morris Cotuss, Barrister-at-Law. (Henry Glaisher, 5 6 . The Cost of Production. In this work specimens are given of the most important forms of type, size of page, &c., with estimates showing what it costs to produce the more common kinds of books. Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C. 2s. 6d. 7. The Various Methods of Publication. By 8. Seuirz Spricer. In this work, compiled from the papers in the Society’s offices, the various forms of agreements proposed by Publishers to Authors are examined, and their meaning carefully explained, with an account of the various kinds of fraud which have been made possible by the different clauses in their agreements. Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C. 38. 8. Copyright Law Reform, An Exposition of Lord Monkswell’s Copyright Bill now before Parlia- ment. With Extracts from the Report of the Commission of 1878, and an Appendix containing the Berne Convention and the American Copyright Bill. By J. M. Leny. and Spottiswoode. 1s. 6d. Eyre 9. The Society of Authors, A Record of its Action from its Foundation. By Waurer Besant (Chairman of Committee, 1888—1892). 15, i j i i ‘ 190 ADVERTISEMENTS. The Sociefy of Authors (Suncorporated). PRESIDENT. GHORGH MbEREDITHE. COUNCIL. Sir Epwin ARNOLD, K.C.LE., C.S.I. Tue Ear or DEsART. Lewis Morris. ALFRED AUSTIN. Austin Dosson. Pror. Max MULLER. J. M. BARRIE. A. W. Dusoura. J. C. PARKINSON. A. W. A BEcKETT. J. Enic EricusEn, F.RB.S. Tur Eart oF PEMBROKE AND Mont- RoBERT BATEMAN. Pror. Micwaz Foster, F.B.S. GOMERY. Sir Henry Berens, K.C.M.G. Ricut Hon. Herpert GARDNER,| Sir FREDERICK POLLOCK, Bart., LL.D. WALTER BESANT. M.P. WaLtEerR HERRIES POLLOCK. AUGUSTINE BIRRELL, M.-P. RIcHARD GARNETT, LL.D. A. G. Ross. Rev. Pror. Bonney, F.R.S. EpMUND GOSSE. Grorce AuGusTUS SALA. Riegut Hon. James Bryce, M.P. H. Riper HaGearp. W. Baptiste SCOONES. Haut CAINE. Tuomas Harpy. G. R. Srms. EGERTON CAsTLe, F.S.A. JEROME K. JEROME. S. Squire SPRIGGE. P. W. CLAYDEN. RupyARD KIPuinea. J. J. STEVENSON. Epwarp CLODD. Pror. E. Ray LANKESTER, F.R.S. Jas. SULLY. W. Morris CouueEs. J. M. Lety. Wittram Moy THomas. Hon. JoHN COLLIER. Rav. W. J. Lorre, F.S.A. H. D. Trarit, D.C.L. W. Martin Conway. Pror. J. M. D. MEIKLEJOBN. Baron Henry DE Worms, M-P., F. Marion CRAWFORD. HERMAN C. MERIVALE. E.RB.S. OswALD CRAWFURD, C.M.G. Rev. C. H. MippnEeton- WAKE. EDMUND YATES. Hon. Counsel—E. M. UNDERDOWN, Q.C. Solicitors—Messrs. FIELD, Roscox, and Co., Lincoln’s Inn Fields. Accountants—Messrs. OscaR BERRY and CaRR, Monument-square, H.C. Secretary—G. HERBERT THRING, B.A. OFEICES: 4, Porruaan STREET, Lincoun’s Inn Freups, W.C. Third Edition, with Additions throughout, in demy 8vo., 700 pages, price 15s. AN ANECDOTAL HISTORY oF THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT, From the Earliest Periods to the Present Time. WITH NOTICES OF EMINENT PARLIAMENTARY MEN, AND EXAMPLES OF THEIR ORATORY. ComPiILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES BY GHORGEH Hpea hy JENNINGS. CONTENTS. Part I.—Riseand Progress of Parliamentary Institutions. | ApPENDIx.—(A) Lists of the Parliaments of England and Parr Il.—Personal Anecdotes: Sir Thomas More to John of the United Kingdom. Morley. (B) Speakers of the House of Commons. Parr Il.—Miscellaneous. 1. Elections. 2. Privilege; Ex- (C) Prime Ministers, Lord Chancellors, and clusion of Strangers; Publication of Debates. Secretaries of State from 1715 to 3. Parliamentary Usages, &c. 4. Varieties. | 1892. Opinions of the Press of the Present Edition. “The work, which has long been held in high repute as a repertory “It is a work that possesses both a practical and an historical of good things, is more than ever rich in doth instruction and amuse- value. and is altogether unique in character. '—Kentish Observer. ment. ”—Scotsman. ‘+ We can heartily roomier ugly the politician, whatever “Tti *. + may be his party leanings.”’—. hern Echo. ‘It isa — of useful fact and amusing anecdote, and in its THe hers the whole company of Parliamentary. celebrities, latest form should have increased popularity.” —Globe. past and present, reduced to puppets, so to speak, and made to “Its advantage to those who are seeking seats in Parliament, or repeat their best and most approved rhetorical performances for our who may have occasion to assist as speakers during the electoral | leisurely entertainment, which is not less enjoyable from being allied campaign, is incomparable.”—Sala’s Journal. with edification.”—Liverpool Courier. “= Orders may now be sent to HORACE COX, “Law Times Office,” Windsor House, Bream’s-buildings, E.C.  Che #uthor. (The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.) CONDUCTED BY WALTER BESANT. Vou. IV.—No. 6.] NOVEMBER 1, 1893. [Prick SIXPENCE. For the Opinions expressed in papers that are signed or initialled the Authors alone are responsible. None of the papers or para- graphs must be taken as expressing the collective opinions of the committee unless they are officially signed by G. Herbert Thring, Sec. oe Secretary of the Society begs to give notice that all remittances are acknowledged by return of post, and requests that all members not receiving an answer to important communications within two days will write to him without delay. All remittances should be crossed Union Bank of London, Chancery-lane, or be sent by registered letter only. Communications and letters are invited on all subjects connected with literature, but on no other subjects what- ever. Articles which cannot be accepted are returned if stamps for the purpose accompany the MSS. AGREEMENTS. CT is not generally understood that the author, as the vendor, has the absolute right of drafting the agree- ment upon whatever terms the transaction is to be carried out. Authors are strongly advised to exercise that right. Inevery other form of business, the right of drawing the agreement rests with him who sells, leases, or has the control of the property. WARNINGS. pnb of the Author and members of the Society are earnestly desired to make the following warnings as widely known as possible. They are based on the experience of nine years’ work by which the dangers VOL. TV. to which literary property is especially exposed have been discovered :— I. SERIAL Riauts.—In selling Serial Rights stipulate that you are selling the Serial Right for one paper at a certain time only, otherwise you may find your work serialized for years, to the detriment of your volume form. 2. STAMP YOUR AGREEMENTS. — Readers are most URGENTLY warned not to neglect stamping their agreements immediately after signature. If this precaution is neglected for two weeks, a fine of £10 must be paid before the agree- ment can be used as a legal document. In almost every case brought to the secretary the agreement, or the letter which serves for one, is forwarded without the stamp. The author may be assured that the other party to the agree- ment never neglects this simple precaution. The Society, to save trouble, undertakes to get all the agreements of members stamped for them at no expense to themselves except the cost of the stamp. 3. ASCERTAIN WHAT A PROPOSED AGREEMENT GIVES TO BOTH SIDES BEFORE SIGNING IT.—Remember that an arrangement as to a joint venture in any other kind of busi- ness whatever would be instantly refused should either party refuse to show the books or to let it be known what share he reserved for himself, 4. Lirzrary AGmnts.—Be very careful. You cannot be too careful as to the person whom you appoint as your agent. Remember that you place your property almost un- reservedly in his hands. Your only safety is in consulting the Society, or some friend who has had personal experience of the agent. Do not trust advertisements alone. 5. Cost or Propuction.-—Never sign any agreement of which the alleged cost of production forms an integral part, until you have proved the figures. 6. CHoIcE oF PUBLISHERS.—Neyer enter into any cor- respondence with publishers, especially with those who ad- vertise for MSS., who are not recommended by experienced friends or by this Society. 7. FUTURE WorxK.—Never, on any account whatever, bind yourself down for future work to anyone. 8. Royaury.—Never accept any proposal of royalty until you have ascertained what the agreement, worked out on both a small and a large sale, will give to the author and what to the publisher. 9. PuRSONAL RisK.—Never accept any pecuniary risk or responsibility whatever without advice. 10. ResEcTED MSS.—Never, when a MS. has been re- fused by respectable houses, pay others, whatever promises they may put forward, for the production of the work. Q 2  192 THE 11. AmericAN RicHts.—Never sign away American rights. Keep them by special clause. Refuse to sign any agreement containing a clause which reserves them for the publisher, unless for a substantial consideration. If the publisher insists, take away the MS. and offer it to another. 12. Cess1on or CopyricHt.—Never sign any paper, either agreement or receipt, which gives away copyright, without advice. 13. ADVERTISEMENTS.—Keep control over the advertise- ments, if they affect your returns, by a clause in the agree- ment. Reserve a veto. If you are yourself ignorant of the subject, make the Society your adviser. 14. Never forget that publishing is a business, like any other business, totally unconnected with philanthropy, charity, or pure love of literature. You have to do with business men. Be yourself a business man. Society’s Offices : 4, PORTUGAL STREET, Lincoun’s Inn FIELDS. HOW TO USE THE SOCIETY. f. ee member has a right to advice upon his agreements, his choice of a publisher, or any dispute arising in the conduct of his business or the administration of his property. If the advice sought is such as can be given best by a solicitor, the member has a right to an opinion from the Society’s solicitors. If the case is such that Counsel’s opinion is desirable, the Com- mittee will obtain for him Counsel’s opinion. All this without any cost to the member. 2. Remember that questions connected with copyright and publisher’s agreements do not generally fall within the experience of ordinary solicitors. Therefore, do not scruple to use the Society first—our solicitors are continually engaged upon such questions for us. 3. Send to the office copies of past agreements and past accounts with the loan of the books represented. This isin order to ascertain what has been the nature of your agree- ments, and the results to author and publisher respectively so far. The Secretary will always be glad to have any agreements, new or old, for inspection and note. The infor- mation thus obtained may prove invaluable. 4. If the examination of your ptevious business trans- actions by the Secretary proves unfavourable, you should take advice as to a change of publishers. : 5. Before signing any agreement whatever, send the pro- posed document to the Society for examination. 6. The Society is acquainted with the methods, and—in the case of fraudulent houses—the tricks of every publish- ing firm in the country. Remember that there are certain houses which live entirely by trickery. 7. Remember always that in belonging to the Society you are fighting the battles of other writers, even if you are reaping no benefit to yourself, and that you are advancing the best interests of literature in promoting the indepen- dence of the writer. 8. Send to the Editor of the Author notes of everything important to literature that you may hear or: meet with. AUTHOR. THE AUTHORS’ SYNDICATE. EMBERS are informed : Bl 1. That the Authors’ Syndicate takes charge of the business of members of the Society. With, when necessary, the assistance of the legal advisers of the Syndi- cate, it concludes agreements, collects royalties, examines and passes accounts, and generally relieves members of the trouble of managing business details. 2. That the expenses of the Authors’ Syndicate are defrayed solely out of the commission charged on rights placed through its intervention. Notice is, however, hereby given that in all cases where there is no current account, a booking fee is charged to cover postage and porterage. 3. That the Authors’ Syndicate works for none but.those members of the Society whose work possesses a market value. 4. That the Syndicate can only undertake any negotiation whatever on the distinct understanding that those negotia- tions are placed exclusively in its hands, and that all communications relating thereto are referred to it. 5. That clients can only be seen by the Editor by appoint- ment, and that, when possible, at least four days’ notice should be given. The work of the Syndicate is now so heavy, that only a limited number of interviews can be arranged. 6. That every attempt is made to deal with the corre- spondence promptly, but that owing to the enormous number of letters received, some delay is inevitable. That stamps should, in all cases, be sent to defray postage. 7. That the Authors’ Syndicate does not invite MSS. without previous correspondence, and does not hold itself responsible for MSS. forwarded without notice. It is announced that, by way of a new departure, the Syndicate has undertaken arrangements for lectures by some of the leading members of the Society ; that a “Transfer Department,” for the sale and purchase of journals and periodicals, has been opened ; and that a “Register of Wants and Wanted” has been opened. Members anxious to obtain literary or artistic work are invited to communicate with the Manager. There is an Honorary Advisory Committee, whose services will be called upon in any case of dispute or difficulty. It is perhaps necessary to state that the members of the Advisory Committee have no pecuniary interest whatever in the Syndicate. NOTICES. HE Editor of the Author begs to remind members of the T Society that, although the paper is sent to them free of charge, the cost of producing it would be a very heavy charge on the resources of the Society if a great many members did not forward to the Secretary the modest 6s. 6d. subscription for the year. The Editor is always glad to receive short papers and communications on all subjects connected with literature from members and others. Nothing can do more good to the Society than to make the Author complete, attractive,  ie THE AUTHOR. 193 and interesting. Will those who are willing to aid in this work send their names and the special subjects on which they are willing to write ? Communications for the Author should reach the Editor not later than the 21st of each month. All persons engaged in literary work of any kind, whether members of the Society or not, are invited to communicate to the Editor any points connected with their work which it would be advisable in the general interest to publish. Members and others who wish their MSS. read are requested not to send them to the Office without previously communicating with the Secretary. The utmost practicable despatch is aimed at, and MSS. are read in the order in which they are received. It must also be distinctly under- stood that the Society does not, under any circumstances, undertake the publication of MSS. The Authors’ Club is now open in its new premises, at 3, Whitehall-court, Charing Cross. Address the Secretary for information, rules of admission, &c. Will members take the trouble to ascertain whether they have paid their subscriptions for the year? If they will do this, and remit the amount, if still unpaid, or a banker’s order, it will greatly assist the Secretary, and save him the trouble of sending out a reminder. Members are most earnestly entreated to attend to the warning numbered (7). It is a most foolish and a most disastrous thing to bind yourself to anyone for a term of years. Let them ask themselves if they would give a solicitor the collection of their rents for five years to come, whatever his conduct, whether he was honest or dishonest? Of course they would not. Why then hesitate for a moment when they are asked to sign themselves into literary bondage for three or five years ? Those who possess the “Cost of Production” are requested to note that the cost of binding has advanced 15 per cent. This means, for those who do not like the trouble of “doing sums,” the addition of three shillings in the pound on this head. In other words, if the cost of binding is set down in our book at eight pounds, to this must now be added twenty-four shillings more, so that it now stands at £9 4s. The figures in our book are as near the exact truth as can be procured ; but a printer’s, or a binder’s, bill is so elastic a thing that nothing more exact can be arrived at. Some remarks have been made upon the amount charged in the “ Cost of Production” for advertising. Of course, we have not included any sums which may be charged for inserting advertisements in the publisher’s own magazines, or in other magazines by exchange. As agreements too often go, there is nothing to prevent the publisher from sweeping the whole profits of a book into his own pocket, by inserting any number of advertisements in his own magazines, and by exchanging with others. Some there are who call this a form of fraud; it is not known what those who practise this method of swelling their own profits eall it. LITERARY PROPERTY. E THe AMENDMENT OF THE CopyriGHT Law. HERE is a movement on foot to petition the copyright leagues for a commission to revise the copyright law, in order that an appeal may be made to Congress asking for amendments remedying existing defects. Although the law, as a whole, has given satis- faction, much annoyance has resulted from the ambiguous wording of several of its passages, and from its failure to provide proper safe- guards against the registry of unlawful claims for copyrights. These defects, it is said, have necessitated frequent appeals to the courts, in- volving prolonged litigation. These are some of the causes of complaint: the failure of the law to secure a renewal of a copyright to its owners or assigns other than his widow and children; the condition that a work, whether by a foreign or domestic author, must be manu- factured within the United States; the absence of any requirement that applicants for copyright shall furnish evidence of ownership ; the depriva- tion of the rights of authors or owners of copy- rights to sue for infrmgement after two years, and the failure of the law to define the word “ book.” George Haven Putnam, who, as a representa- tive of the league, was active in securing the passage of the law, when asked to-day what he thought of the advisability of amendments to remove these reasons for dissatisfaction, said: “It has never been the intention of the framers of the several American copyright laws that any heirs of the author other than his widow and children should be entitled to secure an extension of the copyright beyond the first term of twenty- eight years to cover a second term of fourteen years. The privilege of securing such extension is given only to the author himself in case the first term may expire during his lifetime, or to his widow or children. The restriction has worked hardship in not a few cases. One instance of such hardship occurred in connection with the works of Washington Irving. Irving was never married, but had adopted three nieces, who, for many years previous to his death, were members of his household, and were dependent upon him for support. After their uncle’s death, these nieces were, however, unable to secure re- newals of the copyrights of the later works which were then expiring, and the income from these copyrights, on which they had mainly depended, could, therefore, no longer be assured to them.  194 THE “Tt ismy own opinion, in which theauthors, pub- lishers, and others interested in the literary develop- ment of the country are, I think, in substantial accord, that the term of copyright now granted by the copyright law is inadequate. It does not secure a sufficient protection for the author even during his own lifetime, nor does it enable an author to plan with any certainty for the accu- mulation of property in the shape of copyrights for his ch:ldren, grandchildren, or other heirs. Tt was the case that during the lifetime of Long- fellow unauthorised editions were printed of the first unrevised editions of certain of Longfellow’s earlier works. The injury in this case was two- fold: the returns to the author for the sale of the revised authorised editions were diminished to the extent of the interference with these sales caused by the circulation of the unauthorised issues. The injury, which was of greater import- ance in the author’s estimation, was the wrong caused to his literary fame by the circulation of imperfect material bearing his name, and for the character of which he is made responsible before the later generation of readers, although such material has been cancelled and superseded by the finished work on which he was prepared to have his literary reputation for posterity based. An action of this kind is to be regarded as a personal injury, apart from the property injury. The possibility of such injurious action cannot be avoided, of course, after the expiration of a term of copyright, but the author ought certainly to be protected by law against such mjury during his lifetime. A similar injury has been caused to a number of authors, including, for instance, Donald G. Mitchell, still living, whose earlier books, now out of copyright, have been printed in unautho- rised and unrevised editions, to his business detriment and personal annoyance. “The term of copyright granted by the American law is the shortest conceded by any country possessing an important literature, and is, in fact, the shortest in force anywhere in the civilised world, excepting in Greece. The term in England is forty-two years, or the lifetime of the author and seven years thereafter, whichever term be the longer. Under this provision the author is fully protected against the risk of in- fringement during his life. ‘The German term is the life of the author and thirty years; the French, the life of the author and fifty years, &c. The Bill now pending in the English Parlia- ment for the English copyright law accepts the German term. This is the term that ought pro- perly to be in force in the United States. If the author is entitled to work for his children he ought to be permitted also to work for the benefit of his grandchildren. AUTHOR. “The law of 1891, under which the protection of American copyright was, under certain con- ditions, granted to foreign authors, did not under- take to make any changes or amendments in the copyright law previously in force except by the insertion of a requirement that a work, whether by a foreign or domestic author, must be manu- factured within the United States. It was under- stood that all the provisions of the copyright law would probably, within a few years time, be brought under consideration for revision and amendment. As was made clear in the record put into print at the time, the responsibility for shaping the act of 1891, und for securing for it the requisite support with the public and with Congress, rested with two “copyright leagues,” comprising the leading authors and publishers of the country. The work of these leagues was carried on during the five years’ ‘campaign’ by a joint committee, in which, of course, both the publishers and the authors were represented, and which included also representatives of the general public not pecuniarily interested in literature. Each step in connection with the drafting of the original Act and the several modifications finally assented to, was taken under the substantially unanimous decision of this joint committee. The Act as originally recommended by this com- mittee did not contain the manufacturing condition, which was finally included in the law. It was the opinion of the greater number of the members of the committee that manufacturing conditions had no logical connection with the right of authors to control their productions ; and that if the book manu- facturing interests needed protection, this should be secured under separate legislation. It was found, however, after some consideration of the matter with the friends of copyright in Washing- ton and elsewhere, that no law could at that time be enacted without this concession to the views of the protectionists in the country, many of whom, while heartily interested in international copy- right, believed that its enactment without such manufacturing restriction might bring serious detriment to printers and other mechanics engaged in the manufacture of books. “The Copyright Bill was, of course, an un- partisan measure, but it was impossible to secure for it adequate support either in the House or in the Senate without the co-operation of Republican protectionists as well as of Democratic free traders. The manufacturing provision, as finally included in the Bill, represented the views of the American Typographical Unions, and for the framing of this provision Mr. Henry C. Lea, of Philadelphia, was more particularly responsible. After the suggestions of the Typographical THE AUTHOR. Unions had been accepted in regard to this pro- vision, the co-operation of these unions proved of very material service in securing for the measure favourable attention throughout the country and the necessary support in the two Houses. It is doubtless the case that if. in place of the intelli- gent and effective co-operation rendered by these unions, the Bill had had to encounter their opposition, it could not have become law at the time it did. It was my own opinion, and I may say that of by far the larger proportion of both the authors and publishers on the joint com- mittee, that the manufacturing provision would not further the interests of American publishers, and was not required for the interests of the Typographical Unions, and that the prospects of securing for the members of these unions and for the other book manufacturing workers of the country assured and in reasing employment would be better if no such restrictions should be put into the shape of law. I am still of opinion that whenever this restriction shall be abolished, American type-setters will be able not only to secure their full share in the book-making done for the American market, but will also be in a position, with the improved American methods for making electrotype plates, &c., to increase their trade in the exportation of book plates to England and Australia. “The regulations of the several copyright laws which have been in force in the United States have never made any provision for the furnishing by ap- plicants for copyrights of evidence of ownership of the work entered for copyright. The librarian of Congress, who has charge, under the law now in force, of the copyright entries, has no machinery or facilities for verifying such evidence or for passing upon it ina judicial capacity. An entry when made is not evidence that the person in whose name it stands is owner of the copyright in question, but is evidence merely that he claims such ownership. In case the copyright were infringed, and the person in whose name the entry had been made applied to the United States Court for protection against such infringement, it would then be incumbent upon him, in order to secure standing in the court, to prove his owner- ship. It is the case also that the copyright law of Great Britain, of France, and of Germany makes no provision for the proving of the right to the copyright at the time the entry is made. It is doubtful whether it would be practicable, under any working arrangements, to place such a responsibility upon the authorities having charge of the entries. Under this same general practice the registry of copyright is granted to anyone applying for registry for a dramatisation or for translation of a copyright book. Such entry or 195 registration can, however, be of service to the person in whose name it has been made, only if he may later be in a position to protect in the ‘courts his right to secure profit from such dramatisation or translation. There is no difficulty, under the provisions of the American law, on the part of the author so desiring, in preventing the publica- tion of an unauthorised dramatisation or transla- tion of a work duly protected by copyright. “Personally, I do not think that the restric- tion placed upon owners of copyrights, that they shall take such measures as may be in order for the defence of tbeir copyrights within the term of two years after the date of the alleged infringe- ment, constitutes any serious hardship. If the work is of value, so that the author’s edition has been kept before the public, the interference with its sale that might be caused by the issue of an unauthorised edition would certainly be manifest within the term of two years. It was apparently the intention of those framing this provision, that if the owner of a copyright abandoned his work, so that the public were no longer supplied with copies, at the expiration of a sufficient length of time from such abandonment the work should fall into the ‘ public domain,’ and if the public still called for supplies, that any party should be free to meet such demand. This provision is in substantial accord with that of the French and German law. Under the English law, the action must be brought within twelve months after the date of the offence. “Neither the American nor the English copy- right law has undertaken to define the term ‘book.’ The definition of this term has, however, been arrived at under various decisions of the English and American courts. The term is, as I understand, usually understood to cover material printed in book form, that is to say, made up in pages, without limitation as to the number of pages to be comprised, or as to the nature of the cover. A pamphlet is, therefore, for the pur- poses of the copyright law, to be considered as a book. Sir James Stephen, Q.C., states that under the interpretation of the English courts, the word ‘book’ in the English copyright law ‘means and includes every volume, part or division of a volume, pamphlet, sheet of letter- press, sheet of music, map, or chart planned to be separately published.’ American decisions have accepted in substance this definition.”—Hvening Post, New York, Oct. 4, 1893. Il. SreveNs v. Bennina. In this case, an important one for authors, an injunction was sought by the plaintiff to  196 restrain the defendant from publishing a book entitled “Forsyth on the Law of Composi- tion with Creditors.” The injunction was not granted either in the original instance or in the appeal. The case is one of great importance, as it practically decided whether a publisher could assign a contract to publish. This question, so far as it was decided, was decided in the nega- tive. The facts of the case were as follows :— Mr. Forsyth, the editor of the book, entered into an agreement with Robert Sanders and Wiliam Benning, publishers, of which the follow- ing is a slight abstract :— Clause 1. The author undertakes to prepare the book for the press. Clause 2. The publishers direct the mode of printing the said book, and bear and pay all charges thereof, and of publishing the same, except, as thereinafter mentioned, and take all the risks of publication on themselves. Clause 3 referred to the division of profits. Clauses 4 and 5 were clauses relating to accounts. Clause 6, to alterations and printer’s errors, corrections, &c. Clause 7 ran as follows: ‘That in case of all the copies of the book not being sold off, and a second edition or any subsequent edition of the said book having been required by the public, the said author should make all necessary alterations and additions thereto, and the said publishers should print and publish the second and other editions of the said book on the above con- ditions.” Clause 8 referred to remainder sales. When this agreement was entered into, the publisher's firm consisted of Robert Sanders and William Benning. This partnership was dis- solved, and a new partnership was formed between William Benning and John Kirton Gilhat, under the name of William Benning and Co., and the interest of the former firm was expressed to have been transferred and invested in the new firm. In 1849 the author published a second edition with the new firm without a fresh agreement. In 1851 the partnership was dissolved, owing to the bankruptcy of William Benning. By an indenture dated July 17, 1852, Mr. Gillat transferred to the plaintiffs, Messrs. Stevens and Lawton, his interest in the copyright or shares of copyright in the works specified in a schedule to the deed (which schedule comprised the authors work), with the MSS. and unsold copies of the several works then in Mr. Gilliat’s possession, and all things pertaining to the copy- right and shares of copyright of which the late firm of William Benning and Co. were possessed, or interested in, and over which Mr. Gilliat had THE AUTHOR. any power of disposition. On Aug. 16, 1854, a further deed of assignment was executed by Mr, Gilliat and the assignees of Mr. Benning, to the plaintiff, which assignment virtually embraced all the conditions of the former one. Under this, all the stock-in-trade of William Benning and Co. was delivered to the plaintiffs, including the un- sold copies of the second edition of the author’s book. In 1854, William Grainger Benning, the son of the former partner, published a third edition of the author’s book, which was edited by the author, and thereupon Messrs. Stevens and Co. commenced action against William Benning. The arguments brought on behalf of the plaintiff were: (1) That the agreement amounted to an assignment of copyright ; (2) that if the court did not think the copyright was assigned, the agreement was one of partnership, and that one partner (the author) could not destroy the partner- ship property; (3) if neither of these viewx were taken by the court, then, if the contract were one of agency, as the agents contracted to take all the risk of loss, the principal could not, after entering into such an agreement, bring out an edition in competition with that which was the subjectof such agreement. Lord Justice Knight Bruce looked upon the question more from the point of view of whether the plaintiffs could obtain an injunction, than upon the actual subject matter of the case, but in his judgment stated as follows: “‘T do not see that the duties on either side were of such a nature as that their performaace specifically could have been enforced by a Court of Equity.” Therefore, it would have been impossible for the plaintiffs to have asked for an injunction against Mr. Forsyth, the author. Lord Justice Turner, in summing-up, said, that the plaintiffs’ case rested wholly on the agreement of Sept. 14, the original agreement, and referred to the three points raised in the argument for the plaintiff He stated, after careful consideration of the agreement, (1) That the agreement was not an an assign- ment of copyright. (2) So far as partuership was concerned the question could only arise with regard to the unsold copies of the second edition. (3) That the contract appeared to be a personal contract, personal to the special publishers men- tioned in the agreement, and that if Messrs. Sanders and Benning were not in a situation to perform their personal part of the contract (as they were not, owing to the bankruptcy and dissolution of partnership) they could not in equity enforce against the author any contract he had entered into with them, and that he thought the plaintiffs, who were the assignees of Messrs.  THK AUTHOR. 197 Sanders and Benning, could be in no better condition. The decision of the court therefore amounts to this: That a mere contract to publish is a per- sonal contract, and cannot be transferred or assigned. TL. Hote v. Brapsury. This decision, that a contract to publish is a personal contract, was again upheld in Hole v. Bradbury; but in this case the decision was stronger, for the firm repubiishing the work was the same firm which originally. published the book, but through lapse of time had lost those partners who were parties to the original contract. TV. Harper v. Pickh-Me-Up. In the Westminster County Court to-day, his Honour Judge Lumley Smith, Q.C., had before him the case of Harper v. the proprietors of Pick-Me-Up, in which plaintiff, a journalist, sought to recover payment for certain articles and drawings supplied to the defendants. The plaintiff was called, and stated that during the first eight months he supplied seven articles and one drawing to the defendant paper, but they had neither been published nor returned to him. Therefore he claimed payment in the usual way. He would much rather the matter had been published, but as it had not been, and as he understood that the manuscript was lost, he now desired payment for it. In cross-examination the plaintiff said he was aware that there was a printed notice in the paper to the effect that the paper did not undertake to return rejected manuscripts, but he did not con- sider that that notice applied to his case, as he was well known to the proprietors. For the defence one of the proprietors of the paper was called, as was also another witness. The latter alleged that some portion of the manuscript had been returned to the plaintiff, while another portion had been offered to him, but he refused to accept it on the ground that it had been made dirty. His Honour said he had held in several recent cases when manuscript was set up in type it was an acceptance, but in this case there was no evidence to that effect, and judgment must be for the defendants. —Reported in the Lvening Post. VOL. IV. Vv. Low v. Volunteer Service Magazine. The plaintiff in this case, tried at the West- minster County Court, stated that he wrote an article for this paper which occupied four pages, for which he was paid a guinea. He afterwards wrote another, which would have made ten pages, and as 5s. a page was agreed for the first, he claimed 50s. for the second. The second was put in print, and a proof was sent to him and revised, but never published. That, he contended, was an acceptance, and he was entitled to be paid for it. Mr. R. Thomas Merry said half-a-guinea was agreed for the first article, and the second was never accepted. He could get 70 or 80 per cent. of the matter for the magazine free. His Honour came to the conclusion that a guinea was agreed for the first article, and the second, after being set up, the proof revised, was an acceptance, and a guinea must be paid for that. Therefore, allowing the half-guinea paid into court, there would be judgment for 14 guineas beyond the amount in court, but no costs over the fees on the summons would be allowed. —Reported in the Star. VI. Own ILtustRations. The charge for illustrations in books is one which generally astonishes the author when the account comes in; sometimes because he is per- fectly ignorant of what such things cost; some- times because he is really overcharged. It is proposed in the Author to let as much light into the subject as possible. Readers may help if they will forward copies of their own illus- trated books with the charge made in the accounts for the illustrations. Mezntime, one or two points may be borne in mind. The illustration of books is no longer carried on by wood en- graving, but by process. There are many methods of “ process.” All are a great deal cheaper than wood engraving. But a loophole for extra profit and extra charge is found when the original drawings have to be redrawn. ‘The artist will do well to make sure that this is not necessary. The author will do well to place himself in communica- tion with the artist in order to be quite sure that this precaution has been observed. On this sub- ject we do not consider the cost of the original drawings (which may be very great, depending on the reputation of the artist), but only the cost of mechanical reproduction by photogravure or some such process. For instance, we have learned that by a certain process the manufacture of R  198 electros from the original drawings can be done, at what is considered a fair price, at sixpence a square inch. VII. CopyRIGHT. What constitutes a claim to copyright? On this subject we have received an interesting correspondence between Mr. John Davidson, Author of “ Fleet Street Ballads,” and Mr. Fisher Unwin. We have also received the former’s per- mission to publish these letters, and have asked Mr. Fisher Unwin’s permission, but (Oct. 31st) have not yet received a reply. —— ee THE INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT UNION. By Sir Henry Berane, K.C.M.G. (Plenipotentiary for Her Majesty’s Government with Sir F. 0. Adams, at Berne, Sept. 1886.) T a conference beld at Berne in 1883, the International Literary Association pro- duced a scheme for the formation of an International Copyright Union, with the view that if possible the law relating to the subject in the different countries might be reduced to some sort of harmony, and that works — literary, scientific, or artistic—produced in any one country might be adequately protected throughout the world. The scheme which was then produced, although not such as could readily be brought into actual practice, showed certain elements of possible success, and was on this account taken up officially by the Swiss Government, who invited the Govern- ments of all the principal States to be represented at an International Diplomatic Conference which was to meet in 1884, to consider the subject in all its bearings, and to endeavour to form the basis of an International Copyright Union. This invitation was accepted by most of the European Powers, Great Britain, being, however, only represented by a delegate in a consultative capacity, with no power to vote, or to take part in the drafting of a Convention. The attitude thus assumed at the time by Great Britain was largely determined by the fact that the Govern- ment of the United States of America was not represented at the Conference. The result of this meeting was the framing of a Convention, which, however, on examination, did not prove to be thoroughly acceptable to many Powers, especially to Great Britain, but which still formed the stepping-stone to ultimate success ; for, when in 1885 an invitation to a further con- ference was issued by the Swiss Government, THE AUTHOR. the matter was taken up in earnest by Great Britain, who, upon this occasion, sent delegates armed with full authority to press the matter to a definite issue. The Government of the United States was also represented at this conference by a delegate, who, though not empowered to take any active part in the proceedings, was instructed to declare the sympathy of his Government for the substance and aims of the International Convention, to which he stated that they were well dispo-ed to accede, provided that the necessary legislation could be passed in the United States. At this conference the International Conven- tion in its existing shape was drafted, for final acceptance or rejection by the various Govern- ments, with the result that ultimately it has been signed, ratified, and is now in force between the following States:—Great Britain (with all her colonies), Germany, Belgium, Spain (with her colonies), France, Haiti, Italy, Switzerland, Tunis, Monaco, Luxemburg, Montenegro. A translation of the International Conven- tion, and of the final Protocol attached thereto, can be obtained, from which it will be seen that the principles of the Union are of the simplest kind, being based on the theory of “national treatment ;” that is to say, authors of works of any kind within the literary, scientific, or artistic domain, published in any one country of the Union, are to enjoy in all the other countries of the Union, the rights there granted to nativesub- jects in respect of their works published at home. The enjoyment of the protection soto be accorded, is subject only to the accomplishment in the country where the work is first produced of the formalities, if any, required by law in that country to establish a valid title to copyright. Consequently, if a work is duly registered and has acquired a copyright, say im France, no further registration or deposit of copies is neces- sary in England im order that it may enjoy protec- tion in England. The International Convention being concluded between various States not speaking a common language, an important part of its stipulations relates to the question of translation—it being recognized that between such States translation may frequently become the chief international form of reproduction. It is, therefore, expressly provided that no State which does not guarantee to the author of a work the exclusive right, for a period of at least ten years, to make, or to authorise translations of it to be made, can be admitted to the Union. A further important stipulation of the Conven- tion is contained in Art. 2, to the effect that no rights can exist in any country of the Union fora longer period than those granted in the country  THE AUTHOR. where the work is first published, nor can any work claim in any State of the Union rights in excess of those granted by the law of such State to native publications. Pirated works may be seized on importation. The central office of the Union is established at Berne, under the auspices of the Swiss Govern- ment ; and each State of the Union contributes a small annual sum towards the working expenses, which are devoted to the collection of informa- tion,and generally to looking after matters of interest to the Union. The contributing States are arranged in classes according to size and importance, but the maximun contribution of any one State does not exceed £200 per annum. The other articles of the Convention relate to the protection to be accorded to newspaper articles, dramatic and musical works, photographs, &c., the details in regard to which will best be gathered from a study of the Convention itself, It will be seen, from a perusal of the Con- vention, that it nowhere expressly mentions the question of duties on imported books, or forbids expressly that the domestic law shall require a foreign work to be reprinted within its territory in order to secure protection there. There can, however, be no question that unfair or excessive duties upon books would be contrary to the spirit of the Union; whilst, as regards reprinting, the provision contained in Art. 2, to the effect that the enjoyment of protection is subject to the accomplishment of the formalities prescribed by law in the country of origin, must be interpreted to mean, that any further formality, such as reprinting, re-registration, or deposit, in the foreign country where protection is claimed, is contrary to the terms of the Convention, clearly implied, though not, perhaps, expressed with sufficiently definite precision. Any States which are willing to comply with these conditions, so obviously fair and reasonable, are welcomed as members of the Union, and may at any moment accede, on expressing their mind to do so to the central office of the Union at Berne. Periodical conferences of the Union are ap- pointed to take place, at which any State wishing to suggest any points for amendment, or to make proposals of any kind for the welfare of the Union, can be represented. The next of these conferences will probably take place at Paris next year, and it is much to be desired that the United States of America would manifest anew its sympathy with the Union by sending a dele- gate to this meeting. Any representations coming from such a quarter, as to difficulties in the existing form of the International Convention preventing the United States from joining the Union at the present moment, or as to other VOL. IV. 199 points of interest, would be sure of attentive consideration, with the earnest wish on the part of the signatory States to make any reasonable concessions tending to facilitate the accession of So important a factor in the literary and artistic world as the United States of America. Read at the Literary Congress of the Chicago Exhibition. sec OMNIUM GATHERUM FOR OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER. Subjects for Treatment.—Non-Biblical Texts for Church Sermons; the Index Expurgatorius ; the Stocking of a Library; the Undue Depreciation of Boswell; the Re-subscription of the Thirty- nine Articles by the late Master of Balliol; Plural Appointments, with special reference to Mr. T. G. Bowles’s request for a Parliamentary Return and Sir J. Hibbert’s guarded answer thereto (see morning papers for Aug. 9); Cumulative Prefer- ences; the Earlier Commencement and Termina- tion of the Summer Holidays; the Comparative Delights of Shooting, Fishing, and Hunting, by one who indulges in all three; the altruism of Grace Aguilar and the hard-headednegs of Mary Mitford, as depicted by Mrs. Crosland in her lately published “ Landmarks of a Literary Life.” “ Scale Pay.” —Though “ scale pay” is usually just, we should all bear in mind that, in the absence of special agreement to take it, we have a legal right to demand more, up to what a con- tribution is worth, in event of “ scale pay” proy- ing insufficient ; and to demand at least some pay- ment (also up to what the contribution is worth) in the happily few cases where the custom has been to give none. The Return of Rejected Contributions.—All thanks to the collector who got together for the August Author the pretty list of notices to con- tributors! May it soon be followed by another and another until we have at least complete lists of the notices in all the London periodicals ! The Insurance of Manuscript.—I greatly doubt whether any fire office will insure manuscript against fire. But, looking to the hardship on having to replace it when burnt, I should say that authors would be willing to pay sufficient pre- miums. Can any friend tell me of an office willing to insure ? Reviewing.—In the August Jdler attention is very properly called by Mr. Jerome K. Jerome to the impropriety of the same reviewer dealing with a book in more periodicals than one. This practice R2  200 is unfair (1) to the author, (2) to fellow re- viewers, (3) to the owners of the various periodicals, and (4) to the public, and should be discouraged by editors. The Library of the Authors’ Club.—The Authors’ Club should possess a small (the space being very limited), good, and very carefully gelected reference library. Could not the members unite in making the selection? I very respectfully suggest the following : The best dictionary of Quotations, “ Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates,” the best directory of newspapers, the latest edition of the “ Universal Dictionary ” of English, French, German, and Italian; the Directory of Directors ; the Stock Exchange Year Book ; the latest Hazell, Dod, Whitaker, Crockford, &c. ; a small atlas; the Inder Expurgatorius; a Continental Bradshaw; ‘ Notes and Queries ” from the beginning; a Liddell and Scott’s Greek Lexicon, a Jo Miller. Besides these books of mere reference, which might well occupy the whole of the principal bookshelf (the present one having been exchanged for a better), we might surely get together in small hanging bookcases a model collection of single volume classical or epoch-making books, such as “ Mill on Liberty,” “The Religio Medici,’ Burton’s “ Anatomy of Melancholy,” “ Don Juan,” Rousseau’s ‘ Confes- sions,” Emerson’s “ Essays,” “ Childe Harold,” Macaulay’s ‘“ Essays,” Rousseau’s ‘“ Contrat Social,” a Tennyson, a Marcus Aurelius, an Augustine’s Confessions, 4 Shakespeare, ‘ Les Miserables,” “The Sorrows of Werther,” “ The Leaves of Grass,” a Homer, Punch from the beginning, a Virgil, “ Essays and Reviews,’ Boswell’s “ Life of Johnson,” “ Pepys’ Diary ” (not the new edition), “ Vanity Fair,” “ Pickwick,” &c. I purposely omit the works of living authors, and attempt no order of merit in my humble selec- tion for our Wvxns Iatpeov. As for price, I observe that the first fifty of Sir John Lubbock’s celebrated ‘“ Hundred Books,” now in the course of publication by George Routledge and Sons, may be bought for £8 os. 6d., or @ little more than three shillings per book. Corrections of proofs.—A high official of the British Association complained at the annual meeting that the corrections on the proofs of the scientific contributions sent to him had greatly increased the printing expenses of the association, the cost of the corrections of one single contribu- tion alone amounting to £25. How could such waste be checked ? Corrections are rendered neces- sary by four main causes, being (1) bad writing or composition by author; (2) bad distribution, com- position, or reading by printer; (3) insufficient instructions of author or publisher to printer; and (4) after-thoughts of author, or after evens THE AUTHOR. or discoveries, as where a legal author has had his solution of some doubtful point cleared up by Act of Parliament. Of these causes the first three are all clearly preventible causes, ¢.g., the evils of bad handwriting may be avoided by taking lessons in handwriting or having the MSS. type-written. The evils of many after- thoughts or after events, &c., may be mitigated by giving instructions for proofs in slips instead of sheets. As to bad writing, I observe with satisfaction that the late Master of Balliol is spoken of in one of the many notices of him as having emphatically denounced it, as did the late Lord Palmerston and Sir Arthur Helps. Mottoes.—A motto on the title-page of a book, and even at the head ot each chapter, is, I think, a good appendage. What could be more happy, for instance, than Dr. Liddon’s “ Stemmata qud faciunt?” as a motto to the chapter of Dr. Pusey’s biography, which sets out his ancestry ? The difficulty, of course is to keep all your mottoes up to the mark; this is perhaps got over by little dashes into original poetry. Machine-cut pages and paged tables of contents. —By way of crambe repetita let me once more implore all authors and publishers to have their books machine-cut; the cost is but ten shillings for each thousand books. And let all the pro- prietors of newspapers follow the example of Truth and the Author, and have the pages of their newspapers machine-cut. And let all proprietors of newspapers follow the example of Bradshaw's Guide, the Saturday Review, Good Woods, and the Author, and have paged tables of contents on their front pages. It is no use to answer that these front pages are wanted for advertisers. These would, I contend, gladly give a little more than even they do now for front- page advertisements in consideration of the increase of front-page readers which a front-page table of contents would certainly bring. The Laureateship.—Though the greatest of the laureates has now been dead for more than a year, his place is still not filled up. Iam credibly ‘nformed that the salary of £99 a year 1s not quite one-fifth of the amount expended on a single discharge of one of our heavy guns, and it has been said that each of our minor poets is so zealous for the public purse that he would rather that this £99 were no longer taken there- from, than that it should be handled by any poet but himself. For my own part (and auch’ to son poeta, as anybody who has seen my pathetic but unpublished lines on the death of a favourite cat can testify) I really think that somebody or other ought to be appointed without further delay. J. M. Ley. + sau  THE AUTHOR. M. ZOLA AND ANONYMITY. NW ZOLA has comeand gone. Mayall good M attend his visit! It seems to have ® surprised the French that we should know anything about their great “realist,” and, knowing, that we should honour his genius. I fear that there are not many English authors who would receive in Paris the homage which has been paid to M. Zola in London. AS author, M. Zola is worthy of all the attentions which our own craftsmen have heaped upon him. His books sell by the hundred thousand, therefore he is a very proper man for authors to entertain. Nothing should be grudged to the literary man who has so gloriously upheld the market for books. But that the journalists should also have fallen prostrate before M. Zola, receiving instruc- tion in the art of public writing, was, I own, a little surprismg. M. Zola is not known as a great journalist. Even were he one of the kind which is bred in Paris, is it not a little too much that he should come over to lecture us on the first principles of journalism? Is Eng- land, the mother of newspapers, to be taught how articles should be written? For one kind of Press-man, the descriptive reporter, the works of M. Zola are doubtless a complete education. From them he will learn the art of saying common things to the best effect, of describing little things in so earnest and simple a manner as_ to make them seem great, of giving to fiction by the telling of it the air of truth. But journalism proper—which includes criticism, political and literary—is this also an art in which we islanders are so defective that we must get a first-rate man of letters from Paris to teach us?—I read with great interest that, immediately after landing for the first time in his life on these perfidious shores, M. Zola proceeded to lecture a select body of literary persons on the elements of journalism. Weare, it seems, in possession of an antiquated and quite obsolete institution called Anonymity, which destroys the personality of the writer, and makes it impossible for him to rise to the ‘level of the French newspaper man. While we are crushed under a brutal and soulless machine— brutal of course it must be, being English—the French, “‘ broken and turned up by incessant revo- lutions,” have arrived at that blissful state where the individuality of the writer is triumphant— where there is a ‘“‘ magnificent ardour of life with a generous expenditure of courage and of ideas,” A picture is drawn of the down-trodden British journalist, without hope of decorations or retir- ing pensions, uncheered by the casual duel or action at law, wearing out his soul as “a mere 201 wheel in a great machine’”—whom nobody knows, whom ‘nobody sees—fulfilling his d: aily task as a docile instrument, without even the hope of a little celebrity as a “ delicious reward for a life of effort.” As a contrast to this gloomy picture, M. Zola gives us the journalist of France, emancipated, as we are asked to believe, thr ough the uprising of amore generous national spirit, from anonymity. As a matter of fact, the transition from the anonymous to the signed article was effected, not because “ the nation would have nothing more to do” with the former, but because a decree of Napoleon III. in 1850 made the signing of the article in every French newspaper compulsory. This law was violently resented at the time as an encroachment on the national liberty. Thus it was not from choice but from necessity—not as the outcome of a long process of evolution, but as the arbitrarily- imposed command of their master, who certainly had no thought of cultivating any new ardour of life, that ibe French came to that condition ee with individuality, for which we are now called upon to exchange our old, effete, and brutal anonymity. All this fine, flowing talk about the signature to the article being a kind of new birth in France, the mark of a higher development, reached through per- petual revolutions—about “the craving to fight in the front rank, the face uncovered, and in the glory that is therefore to be won by hurling one’s name into the midst of the conflict’’—is mere flummery, and in itself a very good sample of the kind of journalistic stuff which “ individu- ality” tends to produce. This overflowing of the individual, this ardour of combat, limited only by the harmless rapier and the pistol at thirty yards, this expenditure of courage and of ideas, English readers have special opportunities for studying. For is it not mainly at their expense that the show is maintained ? There is not a day passes in which we do not see this admirable new French journalism in exercise How greatly superior in truth as in knowledge, in honesty as in intelli- gence, does not the state of France confess, where the stupid forgeries of an obscure mulatto could revive to a fever heat the old rage against perfidious Albion—where a Boulanger could seriously threaten a revolution—where the Panama Canal could be gravely upheld as a national under- taking, by the means that we know of—where, as the last “ardour of life,’ we see the newest of Republics in a frenzy of delight over the coming of the Russians. As Lord Beaconsfield said, every nation has the government it deserves. So every nation has the Press which it merits. But to hold up French journalism as the model which England should  202 follow is a little intrepid. We have more to teach than to learn in the way of journalism ; we had the essence of the thing, which is the right of free speaking, long before M. Zola’s country- men knew anything or cared anything about it. When the Roi-Soleil was still exacting from his people a homage which would be abject in Annam, De Foe, the first of jour- nalists proper, was working with his pen for the establishment of English liberties. In a generation later it was a journalist, Jonathan Swift, who changed the fortunes of Europe, and turned the whole current of the world’s history. The power of Junius in his time was greater than has been exercised in polities by any indi- vidual writer in France, under his own name or any other. In some of these cases, it is true, the writers were not wholly unknown, but it is not necessary for the preservation of anonymity that the individuality of the writer should be concealed. In England, even in political writing, it is seldom that absolute secrecy can be preserved, even as to the authorship of the individual article. The essence of the English system, which M. Zola does not appear to know, is that the individuality of the writer, whether known or not, is merged in that of the journal—the lesser and more imperfect responsi- bility in the larger and more complete. In one sense, and in the proper and legal sense, no news- paper in England is anonymous. All journalism is signed, for every journal bears, in the imprint, the name of the publisher. All beyond is un- necessary, and to seek to know more is imperti- nence. The theory of our system—the theory which is the life of every Free Press, where even before the writer comes the public—is, that the thing written, not he who writes it, should be the first object of regard. An English journal is a corporate body, which speaks with more than the authority, as it has necessarily more than the responsibility, of any single writer. Hence it comes about that the name of the individual writer is not wanted, which the public has no right to ask for, and in general does not care to know. This is our system, which as it has grown naturally out of our life in the process of the development of English liberty, we have a right to consider the best for ourselves—altogether declining to say whether it is the abstract best, or good for every nation. Certainly the experiment of the contrary prin- ciple in France is not likely to make us enamoured of itin England. Nor does it appear that M. Zola desires any immediate change in the Eng- lish system of anonymity in political writing. But in literary criticism, which is quite another thing, we are exhorted, with more show of reason, THE AUTHOR. to make a change. In criticism, we are told, there is *‘a creative function which distinguishes it from a mere summary or report,’ such as a “leader” is supposed to be. ‘It calls for per- sonal penetration, for logical power, not to mention a very wide erudition.” The assumption that the political article needs no penetration, or logic, or learning, comes naturally from a French journalist who knows no English. There is something doubtless in M. Zola’s argument, though scarcely enough to induce us to do away with the anonymous, even in literary criticism. We have tried the signed review, and I do not know that either literature or criticism is the gainer. Certainly the public is not. I doubt whether even the author prefers the signed review to the anonymous criticism for which the whole journal is responsible. After all, the freedom of literary opinion is of smaller im- portance than the freedom of political opinion; and if the public prefers its literary or its dramatic criticisms signed, signed they will be— though in most cases it will be hardly necessary. There is too much of the individual already, as some think, in our criticisms, which would be freer, and truer, and more honest, if they were more general—less personal and more abstract. We have experience of both systems in England, and there seems to be no good reason for pre- ferring the French to the English system. We have the critic who signs his name, and the critic who elects to remain anonymous, though not necessarily unknown. As one of the “old journalism,’ with a tolerably large experience of both states, having been reviewer and reviewed, I cannot understand why the author or the public, who are the two parties most concerned, should prefer to have their lite- rary reviews signed. For the critic himself, I can perceive that there are some reasons, not uncon- nected with self-advertisement, why he should be revealed in his own individuality. Certainly in M. Zola himself we have a product of journalism perhaps the most striking the age has yielded. He is a child of that very genius he has so gloriously depicted, with all its ardour of life, its fever of individuality, its break-neck gallop towards every glimpse of a new world. Yet the journalism which M. Zola represents is that French journalism which, with all its delights, its passions, and its ambitions, I do not know to be so good a thing for us English as that we should be in a hurry to give up in exchange the greatest work of our own freedom. H. E. W. wo  Ke a THE AUTHOR. THE AUTUMN PUBLISHING SEASON. HE “announcements ”’ of the season have been iT appearing, as usual, in the Atheneum. The following is an analysis of the lists which seem now to have been completed. The order followed is the order of their appearance in the Atheneum : Ward, Lock, and Co.: Fiction, 6 works; travel, 3; verse, 1; biography, 1; book for girls, 1 technical book, 1; total, 13. Hutchinson: Fiction, 17; a Library for Boys, 10; a Library for Girls, 10 ; general literature, 3; total, 40. Cassell: Astronomy, 3; memoirs, 2; history, E; fiction, 14; science, 3; art, 2; religion, 2; geography, 2; miscellaneous, 7; total, 36. Macmillan: Poetry, 2; illustrated books, 6; new editions, 6; fiction, 4; “The Eversley Series,” 6; literary history and criticism, 3; biography, 6; history and archeology, 7; “Englsh Citizen Series,” 3; theology, 10; philosophy, 2; miscellaneous, 5; classics and education, 33; total, 93. Lawrence and Bullen: Two reprints, illus- trated. Blackie and Son: Educational, 10. T. and F. Clark: Science, 1; religion, 3. Sunday School Union: Fiction, 13. F. V. White and Co. : Fiction, 3. Clarendon Press: Theology, 10; Greek and Latin, 12; Oriental works, 5; general litera- ture, 3; history, biography, and law, 12; English language and literature, 5; philosophy, 5; sacred books of the Hast, 4; miscellaneous, 10; total, 66. Messrs. Heineman and Co.: Memoirs and biography, 7; “Great Educators” series, 2; general literature, 7; fiction, including transla- tion, 26; total, 42. Mr. Nutt: Reprints, 6; fairy and folklore, 3; miscellaneous, 7 ; total, 16. Messrs. W. and R. Chambers: Fiction, 8; reprints, 2; biography, 3 ; educational, 6 ; total, 19. Messrs. Bliss, Sands, and Foster: fiction, 8; illustrated books, 3; topography, 1 ; total, 12. Messrs. Oliphant, Anderson, and Ferrier : Fiction, 12; religion, 8; total, 20. Sonnenschein and Co.: Theology and philo- sophy, 12; history and topography, 7; belles lettres, 12; social science, 17; education, 14; fiction, 9 ; total 71. The 8.P.C.K.: History, 4 ; science, 2 ; theology, 5; devotional, 4; books for girls, 29 ; total, 44. Putnam: History and topography, 15; social science 5 ; fiction, 18; religion and philosophy, 4; belles lettres, 7 ; miscellaneous, 3; total, 52. > 203 A. and ©. Black: History and topography, 2 ; fiction and re-issues, 12; theology, 5; social science, 2; natural science, 2; total, 23. A. D. Innes and Co.: Religion, lettres, 2; fiction, 19; total, 24. Skeffington and Sons: Theo.ogy and devotion, I5 ; verse, 1; fiction, 2; total, 18. Griffith, Farran, and Co.: Books for the young, 20; total, 20. Messrs. Henry and Co, : Fiction and drama, 8; miscellaneous, 4; total, 12. Chapman and Hall: Fiction, 3; history and topography, 5; sport, 2; science and art, 6; philosophy, 1; miscellaneous, 3 ; total, 20. Rivington, Perceval, and Co.: History and theology, 4; art, 2; travel, 1; schoolbooks, various, 59; total, 66. Fisher Unwin: Belles lettres, 5; verse, 1; biography, 8; history, 5; travel, 7; theology, 2; fiction, 28 ; total, 56. Allen and Oo.: Travel, 6; fiction, 5; natural science, 3; miscellaneous, 2; total, 16. Hodder and Stoughton: Theology and mission work, 17; biography, 3; belles lettres, 2; topo- graphy, 2; science, 1; stories, 4; total, 29. Walter Scott: Contemporary Science Series, 3 ; dramatic criticism, 3; fiction and fairy tales, 4 ; Scott Library, 4; total, 14. Elkin Matthews and John Lane: Verse and drama, 12; belles lettres, 23. Warne and Co.: General literature, 4; topo- graphy, 3 ; miscellaneous, 4; fiction, 4 ; Favourite Library, 1; Adventure Library, 4; Welcome Library, 7; total, 27. Cambridge University Press: Theology, 9 ; law and history, 4; Greek classics, 6; Latin classics, 4; grammar and composition, 5; antiquities, 4; total 32. Methuen: Speeches, 1; fiction, 9; classics, 2; translations, 2; verse, 2; history, 3; grammar and composition, 3; Commercial Series, 2; social questions, 2; total, 26. : Wells Gardner and Co.: Theology, 7; topo- graphy, 1; verse, 1; social questions, 3; fiction, 7; total, 19. Routledge and Sons: Reprints and re-issues, 8; Popular Library, 2; history, 3; total, 13, Williams and Norgate: Science, 2; theology, 4; biography, 1; German, 5; philology, 2; translations (Greek, 1; Arabic, 1; German, 1); 3; total, 17. Nimmo: Fiction and romance, 2; botany, 1; topography, 1; total, 4. Blackwood and Sons: Memoirs, 3; travel and topography, 3; theology, 1; belles lettres and translations, 4; agriculture, 3 ; total, 14. Sampson Low and Co.: Travel and topo- 3; belles 204 graphy, 11; fiction, 11; theology, 2; science, 3; memoirs, 3; belles lettres, 6; total, 36. Masters and Co.: Theological and devotional, 11; tales, 2; miscellaneous, 1; total, 14. Clowes and Sons: Law, 6; total, 6. Gay and Bird: Book for girls, 1; general lite- rature, 4; fiction, 2; drama, 1 ; verse, 1; total, g. Bemrose and Sons: Theological, 4; total, 4. Partridge and Co.: Biography, 1; religion, 3 ; fiction, 12 ; natural history, 1; total, 17. Jones, Mac Lehose, and Sons: Theology, 2; science, 2; belle lettres, 3; total, 7. Nelson and Sons: History and biography, 5; verse, 1; fiction, 6; natural history, 2; dictionary, 1; total, 15. Suzal and Co.: Educational, 1; theology, 1 ; history, 2; total, 4. The total, so far, is 1153. rec THE SIXTH CENTENARY OF BEATRICE. Not ours the rhythmic vesture, to array The Queen of Dante’s minstrelsy aright : No more the Master-singer’s harp of might May yield his deathless homage to her sway. Yet we, who watch this soft six-hundredth May Break into bloom o’er Arno’s banks, delight To hymn her praise, who mocks the ages’ flight, And whose pure Fame is young as yesterday. Still through the world’s. rough war, the foemen’s stress, Earth’s Pilgrims strain unconquered to the goal, Cheered by the Lady of all loveliness, And ever glorying in her sweet control. Still smiles for Poet hearts, who heavenward press Through purifying pain, the Woman’s soul. C. A. KELLY. Peoacs BOOK-TALK. HE “Society of English Bibliophilists”’ announces a new translation of the Hepta- meron. Since the Society does not print its address we are not able to find out if it has published anything previously from which we could learn what to expect. Its advertisement in- forms us that the work is newly translated into English from the authentic text of M. Le Roux de Lincy, and quotes from an essay upon the Heptameron by Mr. George Saintsbury. It appears, however, that this must not be taken to mean that the translation is by Mr. Saintsbury, nor yet that an essay has been written by him specially for this edition. The name of the real translator does not appear, and Mr. Saintsbury’s essay, referred to in the advertisement, is one, or THE AUTHOR. the part of one, published by him some time ago. "tt may be well to consider the position of the English reader with regard to this sixteenth century classic. The English editions of the Heptameron are as follows :—The earliest trans- lation is by Codrington, published in 1654. The next, the work of several hands, and published in 1750, and a third in one of Bohn’s libraries by Cc. A Kelly, published in 1840. In 1886 a trans- lation by A. Macheen, privately printed, with plates by Flamengo, and a bibliographical preface —a scholarly and beautiful edition, which claims to give the whole of the original. In 1887 there appeared a selection of this translation, with a preface, historical and critical, by Miss A.M. F. Robinson. There is also an American edition, with plates by Flamengo, published at Philadelphia. To this list we must add the special note in Prof. Baird’s History of the Huguenots, in which the difficulties surrounding the original are noted and dismissed. He says: “Her (Queen Margaret’s) most sincere admirers would hail with gratification any satisfactory evidence that the Heptameron was written by another hand,” and concludes: “It is a riddle which I leave to the reader to solve, that a princess of unblemished private life, of studious habits, and of not only a serious, but even a positively religious turn of mind—in short, im every way a noble pattern for one of the most corrupt courts Europe has ever seen—should, in a work aiming to inculcate morality, and abundantly furnished with direct religious exhor- tation, have inserted not one, but a score of the most repulsive pictures of vice drawn from the impure scandal of that court.” The difficulties, then, which surround the Hep- tameron are, first, the difficulty of authorship, for Brantome contradicts himself; at one time he says that the Queen wrote it in her litter—his own grandmother holding her ink-horn, and at another (as quoted by Bayle) he writes: “ Je ne scay si ladette Princesse a composé le dit livre dautant quwil est plein de propos assez hardis et de mots chatouilleux.” There is also the diffi- culty of identifying the characters and the peculiarity of language. The same kind of thing meets us in studying the Fairy Queen, but we can enjoy the poem without troubling about the identity of the knights and ladies, or going 100 deep into linguistic peculiarities. These diffi- culties, however, are of a very different order from that of which the American professor has written so regretfully and so justly. It would seem that the work is one of those classics, @ translation of which is always justifiable, but which always has to be justified. To the THE AUTHOR. historian it is invaluable. It enables him to form a fair estimate of the material civilisation of the time, together with its deep corruption of morals, because the persons represented are 3 eal persons, and the stories they relate are true stories. Put together, perhaps, to amuse the king, they owed much of their popularity to the fact that the original audience were able to recognise to whom the incidents—scandalous enough many of them—had occurred. That particular reason for reading and liking the work is denied us, even if with the help of recent criticism we could identify some of the characters. The time is past for anyone really to care. The chief merit of the work is the skill with which the gross vice, and, above all, the hypocrisy of the time, are held up to ridicule. Its use at the present moment is that it quickly gives the lie to all attempts to make out that the necessity of the sixteenth century reformation in teaching morals was due to the faults of the laity and not of the clergy. The latter may not have been so bad as has been stated, but they were certainly worse than they should have been. Professor Huxley’s new book, called ‘ Methods and Results,” consists of a short biography and nine essays published at different times between 1866 and 1870. It is in every way pleasant Sestae In the interesting biography, Professor Huxley tells us to what aims and duties he has always devoted his energies. He instances the popularisation of science, the development of scientific education to the endless series of battles and skirmishes over evolution, and tothe untiring opposition to that ecclesias- tical spirit, that clericalism which in England, as everywhere else, and to whatever denomination it may belong, is the deadly enemy of science. Of the nine papers, we are told that one—which treats of Descartes and his famous discourse—is to be considered as justifying the title methods, and that the remaining eight are results Of these the ‘Physical Basis of Life” is perhaps the most w idely known, unless it be the “ Progress of Science,” brought out in the year 1887. “Professor Huxley shows that Descartes was the originator «f much of the now accepted teaching of the physiology of nerve and muscle. If the paper on animal autonation be too scientific for some readers, they may console themselves with the account of a soldier—a patient of Dr. Mesnet—which would seem to countenance the possibility of the divided personality, and consequently divide! moral responsibility, with which the reader is familiar in the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The final essays are political as well as_ scientific, “ Administrative Nihilism” deals with political philosophy, with a keen eye to practice in the VOL. Iv. 205 defence of the educational and scientific institu- tions of our day. But it is one of those remark- able essays which turn people into non-voters. For if the evolutionists cannot agree as to the limits of state action, how shall those to whom the cell as an individual, and the cell as a member of a group present difficulties enough, be able to grasp the conception of duty amongst the higher groups? With the “ coming slavery,’ and the sins of legislators clear in our recollection, no contrast could be so complete as the Professor’s advocacy of State interference, but we must leave it to the reader to follow out for himself how the author justly claims to be a friend to the State and an enemy to clericalism. As a past president of the Royal Society, as the possessor of a literary style which Darwin envied, the words in which the Professor expresses “a hope that he had somewhat helped that move- ment of opinion, which has been called the New Reformacion,” are modest enough. Those who have been constant readers of Professor Huxley’s papers, and intend to revive their acquaintance in this and succeeding volumes, will think it a very large ‘‘ somewhat ”’ for one man. “ A History of New York, by Diedrich Knicker- bocker.”’ By Washington ‘Irving. Two new editions of this book are announced, the Van Twiller edition and the Peter Stuyvesant edition, each in two volumes. The latter is limited to 281 copies, of which twenty-five are secured for sale in Europe. This is a work of which many would say that it deserves all the luxury that print, binding, and paper can do for it. But it cannot be denied that, of Irving’s works, it is not so much read—at least among the younger gene- rations—as the Alhambra and the Sketch Book. To the dwellers on the shores of the Hudson river, and to the descendants of the early colonists of Connecticut and Rhode Island, the book will always have a personal interest, but, admirable literary tour de force though it be, we fear its sun as a Classic has a little waned. A revised and annotated edition of the con- versations of Lord Byron and the Countess of Blessington has appeared with two memoirs of the Countess, one a contemporary sketch by her sister, the other written especially for this book by an editor whose name does not appear. The two memoirs supplement each other, and with the help of the notes there is little in the work which should not be clear even to those who have not made themselves familiar with the extensive literature upon Lord Byron, “ his friends, and his relations.” Now that Lord Byron’s fame as a poet is regularly assailed by the essayist, it is very interesting to try to estimate how much the atmosphere of scandal in which le moved, and 8  206 his habit of self-advertisement, had to do with his immense popularity. After reading this book there can be no doubt that they counted for much. The work has another use, as its title will suggest—we may make of it a test of the social refinement of the present time. We have no literary salons to-day, and we have no conversa- tion—on this subject hear Professor Mahafty— but if anyone chooses to compare the tall talk in this volume with our more ordinary chit-chat, though he may find the latter less worth record- ing, surely he must find it more amusing, owing its increased pregnancy, of course, to the much larger chvice of subjects now at our disposal. In 1823 society talked about Lord Byron, and Lord Byron talked about himself. Practically there was no other topic. And yet again we are ahead of our grandfathers ; if we take up a chance volume of society memoirs of to-day, we shall find that, whether malicious things still be said or no, we have in the main acquired the better taste of not recording them. The editor of this edition is much to be congratulated on the re- issue of a work which must raise our opinion of society in the century’s last decade. J. W.S. (To be continued.) Pes LADY EASTLAKE. OME of us were children fifty years ago, and many of the children of fifty years ago still remember certain volumes which bore the name of John Murray, of Albemarle-street. They were covered in paper of a peculiarly ugly grey colour—a livid grey, —and, if I mistake not, they were described as forming “ The Traveller’s Library.” I remember Acland’s delightful letters from India, with their tragic ending, and Mrs. Poole’s “ English Woman in Egypt,” and others ; but, of them all, there was no volume to which my parents were so much attached as “ Letters from the Baltic.’ It was published in 1841, and at once placed Miss Rigby, who was then about twenty-five, in a good rank in literature. She immediately became a member of the little society, as it might be called, of which Sir William Smith, also just gone from us, was the chief. She shone chiefly as an art critic, not so much because she could draw herself, as because she had a very universal appreciation and enjoyment of what was good in any style, and had, besides, a remarkable faculty, too rare by far, for describing what she saw. She could do much more—she could discrimi- THE AUTHOR. nate. Her knowledge stood her in good stead when she married Mr. Eastlake, then an R.A., but afterwards Director of the National Gallery, and a knight. She was thirty-three at the time of the marriage, and it is well known that her judgment and advice were frequently and freely invoked down to 1865, when Sir Charles died, That she was a judge of pictures was frequently proved when she exhibited one or another of her possessions, as, for instance, at the Royal Academy, in the winter shows of old masters ; but it seems strange that in none of the obituary notices, nor yet in the letters that have appeared in the papers, is her munificent gift mentioned—a memorial of her husband in the scene of his chief labours—a picture which was long considered to be unique. This is the “ St. Anthony and St. George” (No. 776 in the Catalogue of the Foreign Schools), painted by Pisano of Verona, who is so much better known for his bronze portrait medals. One other picture from his hand is in England, and a portrait at Bergamo may be his. This con- cludes the list of his works now extant, and demon- strates, apart from its beauty and finish, the priceless character of Lady EHastlake’s contribu- tion to the completeness of our National Gallery. Lady Eastlake continued, almost to the day of her death, to contribute to contemporary litera- ture, writing both in the Quarterly and the Edinburgh Reviews, chiefly on artistic subjects. She also corrected and continued Mrs. Jameson’s works for Messrs. Longman. Her “ Letters from the Baltic” were supplemented by some stories of “Tivonian Life.’ Her sister had married an Esthonian nobleman, which led to her taking much interest in a region so little known to most of us. Since her widowhood she lived in compara- tive retirement, surrounded, nevertheless, by a circle of enthusiastic friends. They could never sufficiently extol her personal beauty or her mental powers, which were in no way abated by her seventy-seven years and long illness. One gentleman (Mr. Flower) writes to the Times of Oct. 13: “Such characters are among the glories of English society, and should be thankfully remembered.” : W. J. 1.  THE AUTHOR. NOTES AND NEWS. from the New York Evening Post, and to the opinions advanced by Mr. George Haven Putnam on the further amendment of the American copyright law. No one, outside the profession of the law, has a better right to be heard than Mr. Putnam, who has done so much already for the amendment of American copyright law. ET me call attention to the paper reprinted The Report of the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge informs its supporters that it has circulated during the year a vast quantity of literature in many millions of books. It also states, with the complacency of the successful merchant, that a great circulation is the one thing most important. It is now two years since I pointed out in a little pamphlet, and in these columns, that there was another thing even more important than circulation, in a religious trading company, viz., that its methods of trading should not be such as might lay its directors open to a charge of sweating or of dishonesty. And Iasked, in general terms, what is thought of a man in trade who gives the producer a shilling for an article which he knows he is going to sell for ten or twenty shillings. I also quoted no less an authority than the Archbishop of Canterbury himself, who lays down as the first evil of the sweating system, “arate of wages inadequate to the necessities of the worker, or disproportionate to the work done.’’ Then cases were cited, three or four out of many. In one of these the society bought for £12 (!)—with a promise of more if the book was successful—a historical work, of which they sold 7000 copies at a profit of—how much? about £200, and then refused to give any more, Is £12 arate of wage proportionate to the work done ? There were other cases, but the leading charge brought by me was that the society deliberately, knowingly, and with open eyes, and in the sacred name of the Founder of our religion, buys books from their authors at prices which, compared with the profits they make on them, are as one to five, six, ten, or anything you please. This practice they have never disavowed, or con- fessed, or, so far as I know, changed. And again Task those who read these pages what they think of such a practice ? It is absurd to say that the imprint of the letters S.P.C.K. causes the sale of the books, because such may be said by any great firm with equal truth. But the great firm does not, in consequence, cut down the miserable author’s pay; on the contrary, the auth »r enjoys, in its 207 hands, not only terms which would make this committee jump out of their chairs, but the prestige of their name. I reproduce what was said in that pamphlet on the sweating pub- lisher. If the words can no longer be applied to the §.P.C.K. I shall unfeignedly rejoice :— The sweating publisher, then, is one who grinds down the faces of his unfortunate authors ; who offers a miserable sum for work which is going to bring him in a hundredfold profit; who scruples not to toss an author a ten-pound note for his labour, and without a pang of shame or remorse makes £50 or £100 or £500 profit for himself; who knows no law but the cruel law of supply and demand, and recognises no other right in an unfortunate author but his right to receive meekly the highest sum that he can obtain. There are many of these people abroad. They deal largely with the productions of women. The sweater, it is well known, works more comfortably by means of women. They are helpless, they are ignorant of business, they are yielding ; if they cannot be frightened they can be cajoled. And literary women, again, are timid about their own work, not knowing what amount of stability they have achieved or what is the extent of their popularity. Therefore the sweater can do what he pleases with them. If they venture gently to remonstrate, he bullies them; if they weep and entreat he threatens. He enjoys making them feel that he is their master; he is never so happy as when he has them at his feet, humiliated and submissive. The sweater is always a bully as well as a sweater. He has got all kinds of excuses for hissweating. His first excuse—in fact the words are seldom out of his mouth—is that there is perfect freedom of contract between himself and his authors. Itis take it or leave it. Here is a sum of money, there is the M.S. Thatisall. There is no other consideration. Freedom of contract! It is freedom of contract when the wretched seamstress toils all day long—a day of sixteen hours—for 11}d.—or less. She is free to take it or to leave it. Itis freedom of contract when the poor woman who “writes for her bread submits a manuscript which has cost her weeks and months of labour ; yes, and that of a kind which requires, before it can be produced, a pure heart, a lofty soul, a brain rich with knowledge and a-glow with ideas, fancies, and imaginings, and a trained hand. Such a woman is a most precious gift and blessing to the generation in which she lives and works. She may be a most potent force in the advancement of humanity. But she is alsoa most sensitive and delicate instrument. And she has to deal with a sweater! She goes to him trembling, because she knows what to expect. He will toss her £10, £20, £30, £50, whatever it may be. And out of her book he will make to himself a profit of ten, twenty, fiftyfold. Freedom of contract! No greater mockery, no greater cruelty than to speak of such a woman driven to such necessities, is free to choose—free to accept or to reject. She is not free, she is the slave of the sweater. From a letter. “Is it not time to leave off exposing frauds? Have we not exposed them enough? And will not the Society proceed to something practical — become publishers for authors on terms recognised as fair, with open books, and no secret profits?” Answer: It is never time to leave off exposing frauds until the practice and the possibility both become things of  a 208 the past. Until then the Society must always act as a kind of police. As regards the third question, it must be remembered that the Society has certain specified objects, for which it is incorporated, expecially the defence of literary property ; that it has no power to go outside, or beyond, objects laid down in the memorandum of its Articles, I do not think, for instance—but it is for a lawyer to determine—that the Society could, under its Articles of Association, become a publishing company. Some day—perhaps very soon— unless some of the existing machinery is modified, a company of authors—men and women whose position is assured-—will form a publishing union of their own—just for theirown books. It would be perfectly simple to establish; there would be no possible risk about it, provided a manager could be found both honest and capable; and it would cost, to start, little more than the first year’s salaries and wages of a small stat. This work is not, I think, for the Society, but for authors when they have learned at last their individual strength and the power of Association. Quite a common gibe to cast at the Society is that it “helps” no one, meaning that it gives money to no literary person in trouble. A certain person, writing in the Daily Chronicle last July, stated, with admirable taste and feeling, that he himself had “helped” more literary people in distress than the whole Society of Authors. Very likely. If he ever gave a literary man in trouble a single half-crown he was quite justified in his boast. But the Society “ helps ” many literary men and women ina much more lasting manner when it keeps them from robbery and from robbers. Which is better, to teach a whole class of workers what their work means, and to make it increasingly difficult to overreach them, or to give a shilling to a man in distress ? The relief of distress is not one of the objects of the Society, and it cannot spend any portion of its funds for that purpose. =—— “Are we right to encourage young men and maidens into the fields of literature?” This is a question which has been often put. Answer: Do we so encourage them? It is true, as we have stated over and over again, that literary property, meaning the property produced by the traffic in work which is produced by us, and is our property unless we part with it, is of prodigious extent; to state the real facts is, surely, always advisable. It is also true that authors of successful educational books, above all; of scientific books, by men of reputation ; of historical books, by well-known scholars; of THE AUTHOR. fiction, when it is by a popular writer, command, each and all,a market which for extent and for certainty has never yet been equalled in the history of literature. It is also true that this market is enlarging rapidly, even daily, and that there appears to be no limit to its enlargement ; and that the position of the popular author in any of the departments named above will, unless the author sink into the mere hack of the publisher, whicha few years ago seemed possible and _pro- bable, become the most enviable in the world, not only for the reputation he will enjoy but for the revenues he will command. Se All this is true, and it is good to state it openly and often, and to keep on repeating it, so that it may never be forgotten. Unfortunately, the number of those who can ever occupy a posi- tion so enviable will always remain very, very small; and the number of books which every year can hope to obtain anything like a popular success will also be very small. For instance, in to-day’s Times there are advertised eighty new books. The list includes about a dozen paid for by the author. Of the rest, all, I should think, will pay their expenses and something over; but there are probably not half a dozen which can be looked upon as likely to increase literary pro- perty. Aspirants, whatever one says, well crowd in. If one dissuades them, they think, and say, that we want to make a ring. If we point to the last paragraph, they return to the previous paragraph. Well; they must crowd in if they like. When they fail, as most must do, they may console themselves with the reflection—also true—that literary merit and popular success are things which cannot be measured, or compared, and then they may further solace their disappointed souls with the thought that popular success is cheap success, which is always a comforting thing to say; and that, after all, the real genius is the man who fails to #:hieve that success. Water Besant. ee THACKERAY’S WOMEN. II. TOO, am a great admirer of Thackeray’s | genius; and I, too,am a woman, and cannot - but wish, with the correspondent: in .the Author for October, that Thackeray had drawn his portraits of women with a more generous hand. For it has been his good pleasure to draw us either  THE coldly base orangelically inane. An American lady once asked Thackeray why he made his women either knaves or fools? To which he replied, “Madam, I paint your sex as I have found them.” Yet I do not think he was the harsh cynic these wor’s imply him to have been. I imagine rather his meagre portraits of women to have arisen from two causes—firstly, the sadness of his personal lot; and, secondly, that he painted only from one narrow section of social lite—the artificial society phase of it—upon whose barren soil blossoms little feminine mental or moral loveliness. It is true that, amid the same condi- tions of life, his men emerge far nobler than his women; yet may this not be due to the fact of men, even in fashionable life, being called to the more active business of life—the fighting branch —in for-ign countries, and winning their way in professions more or less arduous. His finest men—the characters for whom he seems to have had the greatest love—are oftenest old soldiers, such as Colonel Newcome and Major Dobbin. Their lives, even amidst wordly surroundings, were redeemed from the futility and pettiness of those of their wives and daughters. Thackeray’s business was to portray the women of his fashionable world—‘‘the world which amuses itself’? most generally at its neighbour's expense; and though he dwelt much upon the traditional weakness of the sex—its jealousies, small deceits,envy,and petty spite—still, at times, who has written more tenderly more reverently, with loftier moral justice, of women, than he? Take, for instance, for simple tenderness and reverence, those words from ‘ Vanity Fair,” when George leaves Amelia in the cold dawn of Waterloo : ‘‘Heart-stained and shame-stricken, he stood at the bed’s foot and looked at the sleeping girl. How dared he—who was he—to pray for one so spotless? God bless her! God bless her! He came to the bedside and looked at the hand, the little soft hand, lying asleep, and he bent over the pillow noiselessly towards the gentle pale face. Two fair arms closed tenderly round his neck as he stooped down. ‘I am awake, George,’ the poor child said, with a sob.” His heroines had, indeed, a fatal knack of loving blindly the wrong man, when a better might have been theirs “for a word or a look.” But even George Eliot, with her larger-brained, more generously moulded woman, makes her nobler heroines fall into the same error. Tina loves a brainless fop, with loyal Mr. Gilfit standing by ; Maggie Tulliver loves the somewhat shallow Stephen instead of sensitive Philip. I doubt, herves and heroines would have to be drawn AUTHOR. 209, quite irrespective of human reality could they be made to love only that which were worth the loving. I have not space to give extracts from Thackeray’s Miscellanies, in which there are passages showing how ethically just he was to women,-and fearlessly outspoken upon moral questions. This sentence, only, proves how pure of heart he was and loyal: “This supreme act of scoundrelism has man permitted to himself—to deceive women.” So little of Thackeray’s inner life is known: he revealed himself most in his letters to Mr. and Mrs. Brookfield. oe Perhaps he loved too deeply, and felt too keenly, the baseness of average human nature, for “the deepest truth blooms only out of the deepest love,” and that, by the irremediable sorrow of his life, was denied to him. GRACE GILCHRIST. Treganhoe, Penzance, Oct. 5. —$—<—So Il. The writer of a short article on ‘“ Thackeray’s Women” in last month’s Author says, at the end, that she should like very much to have someone else’s opinion on the subject. May I offer a few remarks concerning two, at least, of these women —the two heroines of “ Vanity Fair?” for it is they who (as in “‘ Ninguna’s ” article) are generally cited as typical instances of Thackeray’s inability to portray a real, lifelike woman. “ Ninguna’s” complaint that this great master of fiction did not understand women, and seemed to think that they were always either angels of kindness and goodness, or demons of wickedness, is a very common complaint, but, to my mind, a very unreasonable one. Iam not going to attempt to show that Thackeray did understand women, or to prove that Amelia Sedley and Becky Sharp are not, the one unnaturally angelic, the other unnaturally the reverse; but simply to suggest that they are not intended to represent realistic, lifelike characters, or even idealised characters, such as one expects to find in novels pure and simple. “Vanity Fair” is not only a novel; it is first and foremost a work of satire. Asa mere novel, I think it would be open to much other criticism than the unreality of its women; but as a work of satire it seems to me faultless. Its unnaturalness is the unnaturalness of cari- cature, and car:cature is an essential element of satire. It would be as unreasonable to look in Punch’s journal for perfectly well-proportioned, realistic drawings of human figures, as it is to find fault with Amelia Sedley and Becky Sharp  210 for being caricatures of goodness and wickedness. To interpret the nature and experiences of women, to expose their special grievances, to make him- self the champion of their rights and wrongs, was not the primary intention of the author of “Vanity Fair,’ and whether he could or could not do this is beside the mark: his object was to show up the vices, follies, and meannesses of society and humanity at large. The more we study “ Vanity Fair” as a great work of satire, the more I think shall we see how perfect it is as a whole and in all its parts, and how everything in it which seems exaggerated, unnatural, impos- sible, and which we may be inclined at first sight to condemn, is in reality essential to the complete- ness of the whole, and serves to emphasise the lessons intended to be conveyed. We must not fasten on particular incidents or traits of cha- racter, and criticise these independently of the author’s intention, any more than in examining the caricature of a face we should object to some one feature for being unnaturally large or small. Were we in the latter case to work up all the other features into proportion with the exag- gerated one, we should, no doubt, have before us a more harmonious and lifelike picture, but one in which the artist’s original intention would be entirely lost. eS SMALL BOOKSELLERS’ SHOPS. HILST various animadversions are pretty \ \ freely exchanged between authors and publishers, publishers and authors alike forbearingly refrain from any impeachment of a personage who is doing his uttermost to diminish the profits of both. That personage is the small retail bookseller. Just at present this individual is possibly “in a tight place.’ But his tactics are certainly directly inimical to the interests of both authors and publishers, as well as to his own interests, and to the advance of letters. It is strange that a bookseller should turn his hand against bookselling. What is to become of the tradesman who obstructs the sale of his own wares ? What of the market in which the sellers discourage the demand? Well—exactly what is becoming of the small retail book trade. But the ruin of this trade is a literary calamity. The importance of the retail bookseller cannot be exaggerated. He is the distributor by whose immediate agency almost every book must pass into the ha‘.ds of the reader. This work of dis- tribution is, at present, being performed by the large retail houses better than ever before—more intelligently, more widely, and upon more liberal THE AUTHOR. terms. But the lesser towns and the suburbs of the larger ones cannot maintain these expensive establishments. In such places the work of dis- tribution falls to the smaller booksellers. These men are serving a population in the aggregate much exceeding that served by the large houses. Unhappily, to this large population the small shops are distributing pretty nearly nothing. The reason is easily stated. The small book- seller will uot “stock.” He freely confesses, sometimes even boasts, that he keeps as little as possible upon his shelves. Consequently he sells as little as possible. The public at large do not buy what they cannot see; and a mean display of wares discourages purchase as directly as a good show attracts that curiosity which so greatly assists the retailer to sell. It is vain for the bookseller to plead that he is always ready to execute orders. Few people know how to order a book. The ordinary customer far oftener desires to be shown something new than to purchase a work with which he is already acquainted. And the enterprising tradesman does not merely meet demand, he fosters it. Nor does it seem possible that the trader himself should enter with the same zest into the execution of orders (at small com- missions) as into the busy enterprise of “placing” his own selected stock. It is in con- sequence of this last fact that the bookseller of the small town conducts his book trade half- heartedly—of course to his own detriment. Did he manage his collateral business of stationer, especially the “ fancy stationery’ department, in the same unenterprising fashion, his sales of paper and envelopes, photographs, and “fancy articles” would soon be as unsatisfactory as his sales of books. The man pleads in excuse that the policy which he is pursuing is one which dire necessity has forced upon him. Everyone with any knowledge of business will feel the seriousness of his state- ments. He says that people will not buy books. Even if they do so the discount leaves him no sufficient profit to make the transaction remune- rative. He must let the book trade slide, and fall back upon his “fancy stationery ”—or put up the shutters. There is some truth in what he says. It is also true that some publishers, know- ing the price at which he is compelled to sell, supply him on terms not quite so hard as he represents; whilst several first-class houses are bringing out works at “net” prices. Do those firms find that the smaller booksellers are proving, by the manner in which they “push” these volumes, that their gratitude is as great as it ought to be ? The circumstances of the small bookseller are at the present moment undeniably hard; but it  THE AUTHOR. Qi is impossible to exonerate him from the charge of being, to some extent at least, the cause of his own misfortunes. Not half-a-century since, the country bookseller did a quiet, little, profitable trade. Books were dearer then. But purchasers were also fewer. The little country printing-press was much less in requisition. There were no photographs to sell; and booksellers did not deal in china. But the bookseller himself was a different man. He took an interest in his goods. He stood behind his own counter. His customers strolled into his shop, sometimes to make a purchase, often only to talk, and he encouraged their coming, as to a place of resort. They chatted with each other and with him. He showed them new works, and listened to what they said. In consequence he knew a great deal more about books than anyone else in the neighbourhood. And his knowledge of his wares, and of the tastes of his customers, made him a successful man. At present the bookseller of the small country town too often knows nothing about his wares. He is more ignorant of what he is selling than his customers are of what they are buying. Too often he knows so little about his own business that he makes the most foolish blunders in executing orders. Far too often he leaves his shop to be served by girls less acquainted with his goods, and with the art of disposing of them, than he is himself. He has a business which is the most intellectual of all businesses. He manages it in a way more unintelligent than any other retailer. People, he says, will not buy books. It is his place to help them to buy. Every man who buys books knows how great is the assistance given him by his bookseller. Could he do without it ? Let him consider the hopeless position of the country and suburban customer, who has no bookseller either willing or competent to assist him to purchase. A man keeps a shop for his own advantage. It is right that he should do so. It is right that every person concerned in a commercial transac- tion should find that he makes a profit. But if the small booksellers of England would return to bookselling, by themselves knowing something of their trade and their wares, and by intelli. gently persuading the people of England, m every corner of the land, to be book-buyers, they would do a great deal more than create for themselves a trade as profitable as highly creditable to their commercial enterprise. They might create a market of incalculable value to publishers and authors. They would advance throughout the land letters, learning, and that highest of all educations, the education which men and women give themselves by reading. They would be, instead of obstructors, bene- factors of their age and country. Let anyone only consider what would be the effect of booksellers’ shops in every little town, conducted with the same intelligence, the same enterprise, the same care to please, and the same skill in making a market which is invariably exhibited in the shop of the haberdasher. Henry CRESSWELL. “THE BOOK OF THE FUTURE” AND “THE HOROSCOPE OF BOOKS”: ACOINCIDENCE! ‘JN the spring of this year we drew attention to a lecture by Mr. Blackburn, in which he tried to forecast the book of the future, with respect to its mechanical parts. The con- clusion he came to was that in order to stamp the author’s individuality on his work it should be in his own handwriting—beautifully written, and that it should be published to the world by means of photographic copies of this MS. The Pall Mall Gazette of Oct. 11 has also tried to forecast the future of literature, and erect the horoscope of books. By a curious coinci- dence, after going over some of the same ground, the writer comes to nearly the same conclusion as Mr. Blackburn so far as the mechanics of literary production are concerned. He, too, looks forward to a time when by a book will be meant some cherished original MS. passed from hand to hand. He is careful to tell us nothing about publication, because, fortunately or unfortu- nately, according to him, the profession of letters will have died out, as will be seen by the ensuing vaticination: ‘Then will come the days when men will write books for the love of it, will do so merely to read them again, or lend them to a choice soul now and then; and writing will be its own sole reward.’ The book of the future is thus described: ‘Your ideal book should flourish gaily when the author was merry, having then laughing scrolls in its §’s and L’s, and playful twiddles and quaint humorous dashes about the R’s and the Y’s and G’s. It should be plain, and keep to the lines when his argument was grave, and become heavy and large as thought or sorrow crept into his dis- course. Passionate emotion should shake his writing into an expressive illegibility. Every word in a properly constructed sentence should have its certain weight, which were best shown by the size of the writing.’ In either instance,  212 whether we consider the matter satirically with the P.M.G., or seriously with Mr. Blackburn, there remains a noble opening for forgery. CORRESPONDENCE. [. AutTHors AND PUBLISHERS. I.— BY ANDREW LANG. N the August Author (p. 70) I find a note on the “inimitableness ” of my remark that a writer may think his publishers offer him too much money. But the case has occurred in my experience ; mine is first-hand evidence, and good enough to prove a ghost story. Then Mr. Besant, in the Author for September, writes on myself and Mr. Buchanan. 1 have not seen Mr. Buchanan’s remarks, and can only take Mr. Besant’s word for it that his methods and opinions coincide with mine, and that mine include ‘the perversion of words.” Great wits jump. And here I find my sin. I said that the critic in the Author “decided” that there was a prejudice, and so forth, wt supra. But it seems that the critic did not decide that there was a prejudice, “he lamented the fact of a prejudice.” I did not say that he rejoiced in it. The verbal question seems to me a—verbal question. I meant that he stated (constatait) the fact (as he thinks it) that a prejudice exists—and what a prejudice ! As to the generosity of publishers, we do not appeal to the “ generosity” of publishers. Nor are we dependent on publishers. They, and we, are alike dependent on the public. If the public does not want my poems, the publisher, if he accepts them, only does so from love of poetry. If the public does want them, so does the pub- lisher, unless they are improper .in any sense, or otherwise offensive to his private taste. In that event, there are other publishers. How in the world would authors be “independent,” if only dependent on the public? Surely the vast majority of persons who try to write would, still, under any arrangement, be utterly unbought and unread by the public. The whole contention is a mystery tome. Being a writer, naturally I know plenty of the profession. I never knew one who adopted the attitude of “the bending back ” and so forth, nor would that attitude do a man any ood. As to the author’s ignorance of the sum which should be his due, I presume that he finds out his market value, like other people, as soon as he is “ quoted,” in all senses. His first effort ig a shot in the dark. Let it even “ make an outer,” and he begins to know what he should be THE AUTHOR. paid Iam presuming that an author is not an idiot ; nay, that he can, if he chooses, do a simple sum in arithmetic. As long as publishers are publishers, and are employed by authors, an author has a middleman, as a_ barrister has. The arrangement is not ideal, but, till some other method be discovered, I conceive that, while author and publisher remember to act like honest and honourable men, we shall do very well. Inmy poor opinion, the author has the happier, the more free, and the better position—the best of the bargain. Even if the public be indifferent, still the author has the better of it. His vanity is comforted by being in print, and he may have admirers. ‘The publisher’s vanity is not soothed in any way when he puts forth a book of which the public is wholly independent. As to any system of “yecognised terms and proportions,” it might, to my knowledge, sometimes end in the author’s having to pay a recognised proportion of the cost of his whistle. However, as I think this very proper, when there is loss on a book, I have no objection whatever to seeing literature placed “on a footing of recognised terms and propor- tions;” I do not want to retard such a condition of affairs, for then we should be quite sure that we are not being overpaid. An author does not wish his publisher to lose by his book. Perhaps the Author thinks that this never happens. I am too well convinced of “the odious contrary.” I do not wish to “attack the Society.” “I wished to criticise some remarks about Literary Men and Mendicants, by a member of the Society. If the whole Society agrees that literary men go kneeling to publishers for “ generosity,” then their expe- rience is unlike my own. The cause of the Society, in my opinion, cannot be helped by state- ments of which, if I apprehend the meaning, I fail to observe the accuracy. As to the “ perversion of words,” my intellect is so blunt that I cannot understand wherein my per- version lies. Did the critic in the Author not assert the existence of a “ prejudice”? Ifhe “ lamented the fact” that a prejudice existed, was that not asserting, or, as I said, “ deciding” that there zs a prejudice ? His very words were: “ There is no doubt that some of the contempt which has | een freely poured upon the calling of letters, and is still poured upon it, is due to the prejudice which regards literary men as a set of needy mendicants.” T have stared at these words till the process would hypnotise me, if staring could hypnotise. And still they seem to me to “ decide,” to “ state,” to “affirm,” to “ assert,” to “maintain,” the exis- tence of this prejudice. If I pervert their meaning, as I am said to pervert it, what do they mean? Do they mean that there is not a preju- dice ? Tf they mean that their author “ laments  ah THE the fact,” he still asserts the facet, decides that it is a fact. Of course I never denied that some persons, calling themselves literary men, write begging letters. ‘Who knows it if not I?” What I denied, and deny, and will deny if you put me in the pilniewinks, is that literary men are, or are considered, mendicants “‘ with bending back,” in their dealings with publishers. And I also deny the statement that a literary man, when offered a price, must take that sum. “He has to take that sum, because, you see, a man cannot go hawking literary wares about.” A man can, a man often does, either personally or by his agent. These extraordinary facts are within my personal knowledge, and I have known cases in which the author whose wares are “hawked” has been among the most successful, and deservedly suc- cessful, of modern writers. I don’t say that the process of ‘ hawking,” or of being “hawked” is agreeable. I don’t say that I practise it myself. But I do say that it is done; I do say that a literary man, like any other man—say a painter—need not accept the sum which is first offered to him. To advance the opposite theory seems to me to be the result of some sort of misapprehension. Perhaps this expression of opinion is an attack on the Society. II. BY WALTER BESANT. 1. If the writer means by “too much” that the book in question was bought outright for a sum of money which its sale did not afterwards cover, his experience may be matched by hundreds of others. Publishers (now very few) who buy outright must sometimes make mistakes and bad bargains. I suppose that no one will contend that they ever consciously give more than they expect to make, unless for charitable purposes. 2. About “perversion.” If Mr. Lang did not intentionally mean to pervert my meaning, there is nothing more to be sa'd. My words themselves ; and his words and his explanation are now before the reader. 3. Selling may certainly be mendicancy. In the case of an author who has to beg and pray for better terms I do call it mendicancy. But, of course, any- body may call it what he pleases. Andas regards the bending back, I know of plenty whose necessities, alas! have compelled the bending back. Should it not be allowed in such a question that one who for four years has given up at least the half of his time to a constant study of the literary profession in all its branches—to the methods of publishers—to the ways and needs needs of authors—who has, further, sat for two years on the council of the Royal Literary Fund, where these needs are treated, must know some- thing of this subject? I write from my own AUTHOR. 213 very large experience when I write about ways and necessities and miseries of the literary profession. 4. Authors are “dependent on the public.” Very true. Ifanyone likes to sayso,hemay. Yet they are wholly dependent upon the publisher. Put it this way. A. and B. are two persons who have a share in a common fund. They are therefore both dependent on the person C. who supplies that common fund, on which they live. But it is B. who administers the fund. He takes it all into his own hands; he will not let A. know even how much it is; he gives him out of it as little, or as much, as he pleases. Is, or is not, A. dependent on B.? A. is the author, B. is the publisher, C. is the public. I believe this state- ment of the case is exactly correct, and it shows that authors, as I said, are, on the present system, wholly dependent on publishers. 5. “So long as author and publisher remember to act like honest and honourable men, we shall do very well.” Quite so. The opinion of every- one. We shall do very well so long as this happens, or continues, or begins. At present the area over which it exists is a great deal too narrow for comfort. But there is something beautifully childlike in this blind confidence after all the exposures published by the Society. 6. Nobody ever said, or thought, in these pages, or in any utterance of the Society, that the pub- lisher never loses money by a book. 7. When does an author “ begin to know what he should be paid?”’ I don’t like the word “ paid.” The author should not be, and never be spoken of, asa paid servant of the publisher. I prefer to say “begin to know the value of the property which he produces.” Now, I repeat, the first elements of any valuation of such property are (1) the exact cost of production, ¢.e., print, paper, binding, and advertisements ; (2) the price at which the book is issued to the trade. It is perfectly impossible without this knowledge to arrive at any valuation whatever. This first ascertained, the question of circulation follows as the next determining factor. As to finding out your “value” in the vague way indicated by Mr. Lang, it seems to me meaningless and unpractical. 8. About taking an offer, I said, exactly as quoted, that a man cannot go hawking his wares about. Some men may do so, but to most men such a thing is intolerable. That is, of course, the sole ground for saying that a man must take the first offer. Those who can so hawk their wares, may doso. For my own part, my constant advice and my private practice is to use the friendly offices of an agent. g. About the ‘contempt of letters,” I find the literature of the last hundred years full of it— full of Grub Street and of hacks. I find it every-  214 where even at the present day. It is not the contempt of literature—very far from it. It is the contempt which this modern world — a fighting, busy, quick-witted world which puts its own interests first—feels towards a calling whose members are, and continue quite needlessly to be, the dependents—as I have shown above—of the men who administrate their property for them. Lastly, since Mr. Lang is as anxious as I am —no matter what his reasons—no matter what may be, as he fears, the disastrous effect upon authors—of finding and adopting some recog- nised system of terms and proportions—let us agree to cease discussion on points of minor differences, and to work together for that object. It is the main object of the Society, and it is the only reason for the discovery and exposure of facts, frauds, and abuses which Mr. Lang has certainly not realised, and probably never read. Yet are they not written in a book—not my book—ealled ‘“ Methods of Publishing ?”’ II. West Inp1Ian STORIES. The note at p. 180 of the Author of Oct. 2 in- duces me to mention that excellent one-volume West Indian story, “‘ Captain Clutterbuck’s Cham- pagne,” which originally appeared anonymously many years ago in Blackwood, and was afterwards separately published. By the way, can anyone tell me who its author was? Of course no one forgets “Tom Cringle’s Log ” nor “The Cruise of the Midge,” nor Marryatt’s continual West Indian episodes. Jes SLINTER. Ii. Sone PuBLISHING. A correspondent writes :—Some years ago I tried to set some verses to music, but left the composition unfinished. Ten years later I put it into the hands of a professor, who advised me to take it to a publisher. I went to one of the first publishing firms in London, and was fortunate enough to see one of the head men. He under- took to publish the song for £4 or £5. “And what about advertising it?” Lasked. ‘“ We should not advertise it,’ he replied, ‘it would not be worth our while. We should not take any steps to let your song be known. We should not put it in the windows or on the counter, or do any- thing but sell copies to anyone who should ask for them. We don’t care about having good songs ; there is no sale for them, and we have to pay as much as ros. a time to geta song sung,” and so on. The question remains. Is there no firm of pub- lishers enterprising enough to take a song of more than average merit from an unknown composer and bring it before the public? AMATEUR. THE AUTHOR. IV. James DEFOE. Should not the proposition of “J. 8. L.” (p. 174) as to a provision for James W. Defoe be made rather wider than an appeal solely from novelists? Defoe was, as “J. S. L.” intimates, a great benefactor to England, for he was not solely a novelist and a prince of novelists. We are largely indebted to him as one of the real founders of the periodical press, and a contri- butor to the English school of economic science. On the press, therefore, Defoe has also a strong claim. It is not necessary on this subject to depreciate the great services to England of John Churchill, but it is time to remember those of Defoe. In London, the city of his birth, the memorials of him are scanty. One of the few is a painted window dedicated to him in Butchers’ Hall on my suggestion, and assuredly his claims deserve more. Hype CLarke. V. RevieweD Books. I can cap even Mr. Cyril Haviland’s story. Some years ago I—then a raw novice—was placed in sole charge of the reviewing department of an evening newspaper. I found the task onerous enough so long as I was permitted to do the work in my own way, which—I was very young— actually involved reading the books. Consider. All the books! All the poetry! all the fiction! That is, all that were sent in to that authoritative journal and were selected—and by me — for review. But conceive my position when I received this communication from the secretary: “Dear Mr.—The editor desires me to ask you not to cut the books quite so much, as it seriously depreciates their value.” I tried it for a time; but it proved too much for my nerves to review books unread. I resigned that appoint- ment. XY. Z. VI. Lirgrary PAYMASTERS. Yet another growl on that most fertile of topics, the evil doing of editors e¢ hoc genus omne. Cruel fate having ordained that Iam to earn a living by my pen, I am forced to write for sundry papers and periodicals whose owners for the most part pay quarterly. Now, it is a curious fact that, although I am well aware of their terms, yet the sums I receive seldom or never come up to my calculations. Sometimes when the discrepancy is very glaring I write in remonstrance, and occasionally the result is an extra cheque. More often, however, my letters are treated with con-  THE AUTHOR. temptuous silence, and, as I cannot afford to quarrel with my bread and margarine, so the matter ends. On one occasion I received a reply to the effect that since my contributions were unsolicited, I ought to accept with gratitude whatever they (the proprietors) thought fit to send me. Yes, that is all very true; but why is it true? Why do literary men submit to such unbusiness- like treatment? That is a question I should very much like to hear answered satisfactorily. In my humble opinion, when payment for con- tributions is made, a detailed statement should be attached. Such and such an article, so much ; the essay entitled - so much; and so on. We should know then exactly how we stood, and maledictions, both loud and deep, would be spared. H. R. G. NEL ““SeconD Epition.”’ Some time ago a friend of mine had a one- volume book published. The first edition of 500 was reported to her as exhausted, and a second was to appear. She then decided to add a dedica- tion, which she sent to the publishers, requesting them to insert it in the forthcoming 500. This they demurred to do, protesting that they did not want a dedication, saw no use in it, &c. The author insisted, however, and the firm then re- quested her to remove the words “ second edition,” which it chanced to include, “ say further edition or new edition’ they directed. My friend asked why they objected to her mentioning that the forthcoming edition was the second! “ Well, you see we had ‘second edition’ stamped across the last two or three hundred sold,” they replied. So out of a first edition of five hundred “two or three hundred” had been going about stamped “second edition.’ My friend was very wrath, but felt powerless, and substituted another word in place of the “second” objected to. I should be glad, sir, to know if this be an old trick or an original one, and also what steps should be taken to prevent the recurrence of such a fraud ? DanrEL Dormer. VII. A ContTRisuToR’s EXPERIENCE. I would like to relate my experience with the Westminster Review. On May 4 last I sent an article to the office of that magazine in Bouverie-street, inclosing with it a stamped and addressed envelope. Not having heard anything about the article by May 29, I wrote asking about it ; and, as by June 7 no reply had arrived, I wrote again, this time 215 inclosing again a stamped and addressed enve- lope. The next day I received a reply stating that the article had been sent to the editor in Paris, and that he would communicate with me from there. I waited till June 18, and on receiving no reply then wrote once more, this time asking for the MS. to be returned. As by June 26 neither the MS. nora reply had come to hand, I called at the offices of Messrs. Henry and OCo., from which the Westminster Review 1s published, and saw one of the representatives. I was informed that my letters had been received and forwarded to the editor in Paris, but that the editor did not pay for articles in the Review. I then stated that I did not want my article to appear, but desired merely to have my MS. returned. I was told that the editor would again be communi- cated with. Thinking that there might still be some diffi- culty in the matter, I placed the case in the hands of the Secretary of the Society, who, after a fair delay, wrote to the editor of the Review on July 11, and asked for the return of the MS. Receiv- ing no answer to this letter, he again wrote on July 20, asking for an answer as a matter of courtesy. In reply, on July 20 the Secretary received a letter from Messrs. Henry and Co. stating that the editorial office was in Paris; that the MS. had been declined by the editor, but through a mistake in the address had been returned through the post, and that the editors have every reason to believe that it has since reached its destina- tion. On July 21 the Secretary wrote thanking them for the information, and stating that he had for- warded the letter to me. On July 29, not having received the MS., I notified the Secretary, who again wrote to the offices in Bouverie-street. A representative from Messrs. Henry and Co. then called at the offices of the Society, and gave him the address of the editor in Paris. On Aug. 2 the Secretary wrote to the editor in Paris a similar letter to that first written to the London office. Receiving no reply, he again wrote on Aug. 16 asking that his letter of the 2nd should be attended to. No notice whatever being taken of either of these letters, on Sept. 30 he wrote again to the editor in Paris, and to Messrs. Henry and Co. asking them if they would expedite matters. On Oct. 13 a letter was received from the editor regretting the loss of the MS., and not offering any suggestion of remedy or compensation. Husert Hass. IX. Anonymous CRITICISM. Perhaps there are no two persons more impor- tant to authors than “readers” and “ critics.” Now, both are anonymous. I see no reason why the first should be any other than nameless, for really when we submit our MS. to a publisher to see if he will buy it of us, on the proviso that he employs a cultivated, large minded, and impartial man, there is no reason why he should not be as unknown to us as any of the members of the publisher’s staff. On the publisher devolves the loss of profit if his “reader” should make any egregious blunder. But the “ critic” is another person altogether, and many think his name ought to be published at the foot of his review. However, I am of opinion that he is quite wel- come to retain his anonymous state. He is the man behind the hedge. He does not choose to step forth and make himself known, give us his counsel, tender us his remonstrances, or offer his praise. As we do not know him or see him, he can call names, or behave in any unseemly way. Giving no name, he is at perfect liberty. You may find, standing for criticism, that your work is by the clearest evidence unread, or he delights to tell you he did not read it. He may miscall your personages, and he may quote you out of your sex. He may show he does not distinguish what was in your several volumes. Vol. 1 he confuses with vol. 3; vol. 2 he will playfully ignore altogether. One thing nevertheless delights him, that is, if you have any speciality about you; if your garb, manner, or diction in any way betray you as foreign—as not the name of the street he comes from—then you are his sport. To enter upon the subject of disagree- ment among critics with reference to anonymity were useless. There is nothing in the circum- stance that one critic may flatly contradict another about your work, but you have the right to feel that, whether approved or not, the work has been thoroughly examined and weighed before being rejected or commended. Even then the individual critic can do but little for you either way, so let him be anonymous still. He is by nature of sufficient anonymity, for he never establishes your book or otherwise. It is the great public which does that, and therefore this casts back the single person as a critic into practical anonymity. INGENUE. “Ingenue” forgets that behind the anonymous critic is the editor, who will not generally allow “unseemly ways.” The experience of “ Ingenue 2 is surely unusual and unfortunate.—Ep. | THE AUTHOR. X. Ports AND ORITICS. Tf it is good to hear the truth in all plainness, or the truth according to the anonymous critic, contemporary poets ought to be happy. The Edinburgh Review makes one wish that one was a modern poet, and they must have been delighted with a notice on their place and work, which appeared in the Pall Mall Gazette otf Oct. 21. It is an article inspired by the paper in the Edinburgh Review, and it contains the following passage, referring to the writer of that article: “His hand is not so heavy as we should wish to see it, nor is his tongue suffi- ciently caustic. His wounds, hard and sore as they may be, will scarcely rankle as we could wish. He has a fine native ferocity. He has not the art of sarcasm by which the poetling can be taught his proper place.” He then goes on to show what this art of sarcasm is by remarking: “Most of our contemporary poets, we rejoice to say, are bad. If they were otherwise than bad we should be compelled to read them, and no one can imagine a more dismal fate.” There is, to paraphrase his own words, “‘a fine native imbecility”” about this Jast sentence, for it places us in a very obvious dilemma. Hither our critic has read these poets, in which case he says what is false by implying that he has not, or else he has not read them, and confesses to having written an article upon poems which are unknown to him. Are we returning to the bludgeon and the dark ages of criticism? A WRITER OF PROSE. — WHAT THE PAPERS SAY. L DrRuMMOND OF HawTrHORNDEN. HE ceremony of unveiling a memorial to the poet William Drummond, of Hawthornden, took place in the churchyard of Lass- wade, Mid Lothian. The memorial consists of a bronze medallion, set in a block of freestone, tastefully carved in the Elizabethan style, and built into the wall immediately over the en- trance to the Drummond mausoleum. Below the medallion is the following inscription:— “William Drummond, Hawthornden, born 1585, died 1649.” The following lines by the poet are also given: Here Damon lies, Whose songs did sometimes grace the murmuring Esk. May roses shade the place! Lord Melville, chairman of the committee, ex-  THe AUTHOR. plained the steps that had been taken for the erection of the memorial, and said he thought they had produced a monument worthy of the poet. He then unveiled the memorial, and form- ally handed it over to the custody of Sir James Drummond, of Hawthornden. Sir James, in returning thanks, said he felt it a very great honour as the representative of the Drummonds of Hawthornden to be entrusted with the custody of the memorial, which would be handed down to future generations as showing the high appre- ciation of the poet’s many virtues. Mr. A. S. Purves, honorary secretary, said the movement to erect the memorial originated after the publi- cation of Professor Masson’s life of the poet. Professor Masson, on behalf of the subscribers, delivered an address, and said that Drummond was the almost solitary literary star of pure radiance in a singularly darksome time of Scottish literary history. In the interval between Sir David Lyndsay and Allan Ramsay there was a singular destitution of pure poetry or literature of any sort in Scotland. Drummond, of Hawthornden, was seen as the soft Italian star, twinkling in that comparatively long night of darkness. Drummond was a pure poet, one of the sweet descriptive, reflective order. He was probably the first man in Scotland who had in his pos- session some of the works of Shakespeare, which he bought in London. He turned out in a controversial age what was the purest in lite- rature. Mr. John Cowan, of Beeslack, Professor Campbell Fraser, and others took part in the proceedings.— Times. II. Bust or TENNYSON. A life-size bust of the late Lord Tennyson has just been executed by Mr. F. J. Williamson, of Esher, for the Corporation of the City of London. It will be placed in the Guildhall, and will pro- bably be unveiled about the end of the present month. It represents the Poet Laureate in his later years, and is pronounced by his family to be an excellent likeness. The Queen, to whom the work has been submitted by the sculptor, has expressed her admiration of it, and has com- manded a replica for Windsor Castle. As a work of art and as a representation of the late poet at the period of life at which he was at the height of his popularity and renown, the bust appears likely to commend itself alike to artistic and to popular tastes, and if copies of it on a smaller scale than the original could be obtained they would no doubt be welcomed as a companion to the well-known bust of Shakespeare.— Times. 217 ITI. Port-Pinerims In SUFFOLK. A party of pilgrims, representing the Omar- Khayyam Club, and other admirers of the Persian poet, went to Boulge Church, near Woodbridge, Suffolk, on Saturday, the 14th, in order to plant on the grave of Edward Fitzgerald a rose tree from the tomb of Omar Khayyam. Mr. William Simpson began the proceedings with the following statement :— “ Gentlemen,—It may be as well to explain to those present the circumstances that have led to the simple ceremony that has, in the name of the Omar-Khayyam Club, taken place to-day. As far back as 1884 I accompanied the Afghan Boundary Commission from Teheran eastwards to Central Asia. Our route passed through Naishapur, which was the capital of Khorassan in the time of Omar Khayy4m. In this city Omar was born, and in it he died. Before reaching Naishapur I began making inquiries about the poet. Our ‘Guest- Conductor,’ who seemed well acquainted with the place, told me that the grave of Omar Khayyam still existed, and promised to take me to it. The city of Omar’s period is now only a mass of mounds, about a couple of miles distant from the present Naishapur. The tomb is only a part of a larger tomb. Knowing that the poet had expressed the wish that the wind might scatter rose leaves on his grave, I was much struck on reaching the spot by finding that rose bushes were growing close to,it, and I naturally guessed that these had been planted there in fulfilment of the poet’s wish by some fond admirer. Our visit took place at the end of October, too late for the roses, but luckily, as it has turned out, the flowers had turned to seed, and I secured some of the hips, as well as a few of the leaves. Knowing that Mr. Quaritch had been so intimately con- nected with the publishing of the Quatrains, I sent him some of the leaves and the seed. “The idea in my mind at the time was that Mr. Quaritch might perhaps plant the hips in a pot at home, and that it would be a satis- faction to have growing beside him a_ rose from the grave of Omar Khayyam. He did not plant it himself, but sent it to Mr. Thistelton Dyer, at Kew, to whom our best thanks are due for the great care and attention he has devoted to this plant. He succeeded in growing a bush from the seeds, but after a year or two of expectation, it became evident that in this climate the rose would not flower; and at last, to realise this result, he grafted it on to an English rose. By this means the Persian rose here planted will now bloom on English soil, a fitting emblem of the manner in which the  218 THE Persian rhymes, by being grafted on to English verse, have flourished, and wafted to us the fine scent of Omar’s poetic words. “T need scarcely say that I feel a satisfaction in having thought of sending home those seeds, which have led to this meeting at the grave of one to whom we all feel such a debt of gratitude for bringing to us the poetry of the old poet of Khorassan. The two names, Omar Khayyam and Edward Fitzgerald, are now inseparable. There was much that was similar in the two men, and had they met here, they would have been friends. If they have met above—and I hope they have—I feel sure that the old ‘ tent maker’ is producing a quatrain on the event of this day. If such is the case it has not reached us; but a quatrain has been communicated from another source, which I think you will agree with me is well fitted for the occa- sion, We are indebted for it to Grant Allen, who deeply regrets that he is not with us to-day. “ Here on Fitzgerald’s grave from Omar’s tomb, To lay fit tribute, pilgrim sinners flock ; Long with a double fragrance let it bloom, This rose of Iran on an English stock.” Two small but healthy-looking rose bushes, about a foot in height, were then unpacked and carefully planted at the head of the tombstone. Mr. Moncure D. Conway siid: “It gives mé very great pleasure as an American from old Virginia, to say how dear to us over there, or to many of us, is the poetry of Omar Khayyam, and how much gratitude we have always felt to Edward Fitzgerald for having not merely translated him, but interpreted him, so that it is almost like the reappearance of Omar Khayyam in an English heart and an English brain. There is about the man who lies in the grave before us, as may be seen in his poetry, a certain personality which wins the affection and touches the heart, so that I never read his verse without feeling a sort of pain that I cannot take his hand and tell him how much I love him—how much I feel the peculiar perception, the fine nature, the delicate thought which were required to reveal such a wonderful genius as Omar Khayyam. That may have been to a certain extent due to the inspira- tion he derived from that wonderful poem, for in reading Omar-Khayyim we feel the same thing—that charm of personality, that feeling when we read his quatrains, that we are convers- ing with a soul, with a heart—not with mere literature, not with a book, but with a man. It is wonderful to find how many people in various parts of the world, of various minds, have been touched by the poetry of Omar Khayy4m as he has been interpreted by Fitzgerald. The poet was dear to Emerson, my old master, when I was at Harvard, and from all parts of my country; indeed, if we AUTHOR. could see and read the hearts of individuals, and they knew we were here, we might feel that we are surrounded by a large group and company of friends and fellow-sympathisers. Here we are in large-hearted England that takes us all in, whether from America, from Persia, or India— England which with sweet toleration includes millions of Bhuddists, Brahmins, and Parsees— here we are, symbolising in a small way that large-heartedness which is now, I believe, the great and living breath of the world, which is keeping peace between jarring religions, stopping their civils wars, and promoting, especially amongst the millions of the East, that mutual toleration and affection which are attended with such vast and beneficial results to mankind.” Mr. Edward Clodd then read the following inscription by Edmund Gosse:— Reign here, triumphant rose, from Omar’s grave, Borne by a fakir o’er the Persian wave ; Reign with fresh pride, since here a heart is sleeping, That double glory to your master gave. Hither let many a pilgrim step be bent To greet the rose, re-risen in banishment ; Here richer crimsons may its cup be keeping, Than brimmed it ere from Naishapur it went. At luncheon, after the ceremony, some further quatrains were read, which had_been written by Mr. Justin Huntly McCarthy. These verses were in poetic harmony with the style and spirit of Fitzgerald’s translation, as the following example will show :— Wedded with rose of England, for a sign That English lips transmitting the divine High-piping music of the song that ends As it began, with wine, and wine, and wine. Across the ages caught the words that fell From Omar’s mouth, and made them audible To the unnumbered sitters at life’s feast Who wear their hearts out over Heav’n and Hell. Ipswich Paper. ee “AT THE SIGN OF THE AUTHOR'S HEAD.” ——+ + R. THEODORE BENT will publish in November (Longmans) a record of a journey in Abyssinia last winter, entitled “The Sacred City of the Ethiopians,” being an account of Aksum and the ruins in its vicinity. Professor D. H. Miiller, of Vienna, has supplied a chapter on the inscriptions brought home by Mr. Bent, the archeological results evolved from them being of the highest interest. The title of Mrs. Spender’s new story is “A Strange Temptation,” three vols. (Hutchinson and Co.)  % ed THE AUTHOR. Mrs. Visger (“J. A. Owen”) has two new books this autumn, the first being ‘‘ With the Woodlanders and by the Tide,’ published by Messrs. Blackwood, is joint work with the work- man naturalist now so well known as ‘A Son of the Marshes.” “J. A. Owen’s” other book is called ‘‘ Forest, Field, and Fell,” and it is pub- lished by Messrs. Lawrence and Bullen. Two new book by Mrs. L. C. Skey, entitled ‘Anime Fidelium” and “That Mrs. Grundy,” are now ready, and may be had from the Arundel Printing and Publishing Company Limited, 3, Arundel-street, Strand, W.C. Price 1s. each. Mr. J. J. Haldane Burgess, M.A., the author of “Rasmie’s Biiddie,” a book of Shetlandic poems, a second edition of which was published last year by Mr. Gardner, Paisley, and Pater- noster-row, London, is at present engaged upon a story of the Scandinavian occupation of the Shetlands. The title of the tale is “ Ragnarok : a Tale of the White Christ.” Mr. Frederick Boyle has collected his scattered writings “ About Orchids,” and this volume will be published by Messrs. Chapman and Hall, under that title early m this month. Itis nota gardening book, but a “ Chat by a literary man” —facts, history, gossip, and stories—upon the most interesting of botanical orders. Messrs. Sander allow Mr. Boyle to illustrate his work with reductions from the superb drawings by Mr. Moon in their famous “ Reichenbachia,”’ the first time such permission has been granted. At the same date Messrs. Chapman and Hall will issue “The Prophet John,’ a romance, by Mr. Frederick Boyle. Will be issued, early in December, a volume of Idylls, “The Way they Loved at Grimpat,’ by G. Rentoul Loler. Mr. J. M. Barrie says, “Further work from this writer will be looked for with lively interest.’’ The publishers Sampson Low and Co. Another of Mr. Bertram Mitford’s tales of South African adventure is announced. Its title is “The Luck of Gerard Ridgeley,” and it will be published this month, in one volume, by Messrs. Chatto and Windus. The Arundel Printing and Publishing Com- pany, of Arundel-street, W.C., are about to pub- lish as a one shilling novel “ That Mrs. Grundy,” by L. C. Skey. In the Ex libris series a second edition of English Book Plates, by Mr. Egerton Castle, is announced, with a coloured frontispiece and additional plates. It includes many examples used by distinguished men of the day. Also “A Hand-book of Printers’ Marks,” by Mr. W. Roberts, which ought to be 219 valuable to the collector. We hope Mr. Gleeson White, the editor of this interesting series, will see his way to a work explaining the various forms of “ Imprimatur.” A new and revised edition of Professor Buchheim’s “ Balladen and Romanzen”’ has recently been published by Messrs. Macmillan in their cheap issue of the “Golden Treasury Series.” The first edition appeared not quite two years ago. Miss Helen M. Burnside’s new story for children, “A Day with the Sea Urchins,” is pub- lished by Messrs. Warne and Co., of Bedford- street, Strand. It contains many little songs set to music by Mr. Myles Birket-Foster, late organist of the Foundling Hospital. “ Tieut. De Brion, R.N.R.,” is the title of the first publication of a new and unknown writer, Alan Oscar. In the criticisms of the book it is pronounced clever and interesting. The book is published by Remington and Co. Price, half-a- crown. A serial story, “For Love or Money,’ now running in the lady’s paper Morget-me-not, is by Miss Marie Connor, joint author with Mr. Connor Leighton of “ Convict 99” and “ Michael Dred,” which have recently been so successful in Answers. A Sussex magazine, entitled Southward Ho! will make its first appearance in December. It is edited under the nom de plume of “ Raymond Jacberns,” the office being at 13, Clyde-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea. A serial story by James Stanley Little will run through the first numbers. The Rev. J. Hamlyn Hill, M.A., formerly Senior Scholar of St. Catherine’s College, Cambridge, has made a complete translation into English of “ Tatianss Diatessaron.’’ No complete translation has yet appeared in our tongue, though two attempts have been made. He has made it, in the first place, from Ciasca’s Latin version, and then the result has been compared word for word with the Arabic. The extracts found in Ephraem’s Commentary have also been translated by Mr. Hill from Dr. Moesinger’s Latin; and Professor Armitage Robinson is now at Venice correcting this translation by means of the Armenian MSS. there. The work will be published by Messrs. T. and T. Clark in the autumn, in a binding uniform with the Ante- Nicene Library. “A Life Awry”’ is the title of a three-volume novel by Perceval Pickering. There are pathetic notes in the book, but a deformed and ugly heroine requires the touch of a Charlotte Bronté to make the reader sympathetic. The publishers are Messrs. Bliss, Sands, and Foster.  220 Mr. Francis Henry Cliffe has sent us a volume of translation of the poems of Leopardi and a tive-act tragedy in blank verse “ The Fatal Ring” —that is, the ring Queen Elizabeth gave to Essex It is fully copyrighted, and permission to perform it must be obtained from the author. We have received “ A Child’s Religion,” by the author of “Jesus, the Carpenter of Nazareth” (Kegan Paul), a work intended to assist in teach- ing religion to the young. It deserves a trial if only for its evident sincerity. The “ Confessions of a Woman”? is the title of an anonymous volume to be published by Messrs Farran and Co. Professor Hales has brought out, under the title of “Folia Litteraria: Essays and Notes on English Literature,” a collection of his literary productions during the last twenty years. The longer critical essays were contributed to the Contemporary, Fraser, and Macmillan’s Maga- zine, and the rest are contributions to the Athenseum and Academy, dealing with linguistic and other subjects requiring minute research. The varied range of Professor Hales’s studies renders it impossible that any reader should fail to find the work of great interest. We have received “The Strange Adventures of Anelay Moreland,” by R. Shelton Gresson ; “ The Sin and the Woman,” by Derek Vane; and “The Poems of Leopardi,’ a translation by F. H. Cliffe. Published by Messrs. Rivington and Co. « God’s Will and other Stories,” by Ilse Frapan, translated by A. Macdonald (Fisher Unwin), is a volume of a little more than 200 pages, in which are six stories. ‘“God’s Will ’ is the first, occu- pying haif the book. It is a romance of village life, in which the reader is not conscious of there having been any suggestion of a plot till almost the last page. The conflicting love interests are so skilfully concealed that one sister has to take the place of another as a bride during the marriage service, The five other stories are very slight, “The Qld Bookkeeper” and “A Christmas Story” being especially pretty and romantic. ee THE AUTHOR. NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS. Theology. Buake, Rev. EveRARD. Good News from Heaven: twelve sermons. Skeffington, Piccadilly. Brooks, Rr. Rey. Puiuurrs, D.D. 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