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The Author
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<em>The Author</em>
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A digitised run of the Society of Authors' monthly periodical, <em>The Author</em>, 1890<span>–</span>1914, made available together for the first time.<br /><br />Currently users can browse issues and <a href="https://historysoa.com/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Index&collection=&type=&tags=&exhibit=&date_search_term=&submit_search=Search+For+Items&sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CTitle">indices</a> (not available for all volumes). Full text search for all issues, and other additional search functionality, will be added in 2022.
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1890–1914
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The-Author-Issues
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1897-11-01
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8
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137–172
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18971101
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XL he Hutbot\
{The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.)
CONDUCTED BY WALTER BESANT.
Vol. VIII.—No. 6.]
NOVEMBER i, 1897.
[Peice Sixpence.
(General Memoranda
Literary Property—
1. Educational Report
2. Motcalf r. Conway
3. The Berne Convention
On BringiDg out a Book—
I. Do we want a Publisher?
i. Another View
New York Letter. By Norman Hapgood
Notes and Newa. By the Editor.
The Dignity of Authorship
The Autumn Lists
CONTENTS.
PAOE
... 187
... 139
... 141
... 142
... 143
... 144
... 148
... 150
... 154
... 156
The Tennyson Biography
The Library Association. Presidential Address
The Wisdom of 1772
The Historical English Dictionary
Correspondence—1. "Literature." 2. Effect of Eeviews. 3.
Novelist v. Reviewer. 4. Editor and Contributor. 5. Stamps
for MSS. going Abroad 6. The Bight of Reply 162
PAOK
.. 157
. 159
.. 161
.. 162
Book Talk
Literature in the Periodicals
Two Memorials
The Books of the Month ...
1(4
, 1«7
169
, 170
PUBLICATIONS OP THE SOCIETY.
1. The Cost of Production. In this work specimens are given of the most important forms of type,
size of page, &c, with estimates showing what it costs to produce the more common kinds of
hooks. Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C. 2s. 6d.
2. The Various Methods of Publication. By S. Squire Sprigge. In this work, compiled from the
papers in the Society's offices, the various forms of agreements proposed hy Publishers to
Authors are examined, and their meaning carefully explained, with an account of the various
kinds of fraud which have been made possible by the different clauses in their agreements.
Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C. 3s.
3. Copyright Law Reform. An Exposition of Lord Monkswell's Copyright Bill now before Parlia-
ment. With Extracts from the Report of the Commission of 1878, and an Appendix
containing the Berne Convention and the American Copyright Bill. By J. M. Lilt. Eyre
and Spottiswoode. i*. 6d.
4. The Society of Authors. A Record of its Action from its Foundation. By Walter Besant
(Chairman of Committee, 1888—1892). is.
! THE TEMPLE TYPEWRITING OFFICE. I
^ rpYPE
PEWRITING EXCEPTIONALLY
ACCURATE. Moderate prieeB. Duplicates of Circulars by the latest §
process. ^
J OPINIONS OF CLIENTS— Distinguished Author:—"The most beautiful typing I have ever seen." Lady op Title:—"The J
^ work was very well and clearly done." Provincial Editor :—" Many thanks for the spotless neatness and beautiful accuracy." ^
5 MISS GENTRY, ELDON CHAMBERS, 30, FLEET STREET, E.C. ^
TYPEWRITING.
Authors' MSS. accurately Copied from IOd. per IOOO words.
EIGHTY unsolicited testimonials.
MRS. BRAY, 53, BEDFORD ROAD, CLAPHAM, S.W.
## p. 136 (#562) ############################################
11
AD VER TISEMENTS.
^f)e g>octefg of Jluiljors (gncoxpoxateb).
8ib Edwin Arnold, K.C.I.E., C.
J. M. Babbie.
A. W. 1 Beckett.
Robert Bateman.
F. E. Beddard, F.B.S.
Sib Henrt Berone, K.C.M.G.
Sib Walter Besant.
augustine blbbell, m.p.
Rev. Pbof. Bonnet, F.E.S.
Bioht Hon. James Bbtce, M.P.
Bight Hon. Lord Bdbghclere
Hall Caini.
Egerton Castle, F.S.A.
P. W. Clatden.
Edward Clodd.
W. Morris Colles.
Hon. John Collieb.
Sib W. Mabtin Conwat.
F. Marion Crawford.
The Earl of Desart.
PRESIDENT.
GEORGE MEBEDITH
COUNCIL.
S.I. I Austin Dobson.
A. CONAN DOTLE, M.D.
A. W. Dubourg.
Pbof. Michael Foster, F.B.S.
D. W. Fbeshfibld.
Richard Garnett, C.B., LL.D.
Edmund Gosse.
H. Ridxb Haggard.
Thomas Hardy.
Anthont Hope Hawkins.
P.C. | Jerome K. Jerome.
Budtard Kipling.
Prof. E. Eat Lankesteb, FJB.S.
W. E. H. Leckt, P.C.
J. M. Lklt.
Mrs. E. Lynn Linton.
Eev. W. J. Loftie, F.S.A.
Sir A. C. Mackenzie, Mus.Doc.
Prof. J. M. D. Meiklejohn.
Herman C. Mbrivale.
Hon. Counsel — E. M. Underdown,
Bet. C. H. Middleton-Wake.
Sir Lewis Morris.
Henrt Norman.
Miss E. A. Ormerod.
J. C. Parkinson.
Bight Hon. Lord Pirbright, P.C,
F.R.S.
Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart., LL.D.
Walter Herries Pollock.
W. Baptiste Scoones.
Miss Flora L. Shaw.
G. R. Sims.
S. Squire Sprigge.
J. J. Stevenson.
Francis Storr.
William Mot Thomas.
H. D. Traill, D.C.L.
Mrs. Humphrt Ward.
Miss Charlotte M. Yonge.
Q.C.
A. W. X Beckett.
Sir Walter Besant.
Egerton Castle, F.S.A.
W. Morris Colles.
ART.
Hon. John Collier (Chairman).
Sir W. Martin Conwat.
M. H. Spielmann.
COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT.
Chairman—H. Rider Haggard.
Sir W. Martin Conwat.
D. W. Freshfield.
Anthont Hope Hawkins.
J. M. Lelt.
SUB-COMMITTEES.
MUSIC.
C. Villiers Stanford, Mns.D. (Chairman).
Jacques Blumenthal.
J. L. Mollot.
Solicitors | Field, Boscoe, and Co., Lincoln's Inn Fields.
Sib A. C. Mackenzie, Mus.Doc.
Henrt Norman.
Francis Storr.
DRAMA.
Henrt Arthur Jones (Chairma
A. W. X Beckett.
Edward Eose.
Herbert Thring, B.A., 4, Portugal-street. Secretary—G. Herbert Thbing, B.A.
OFFICES: 4, Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.
IP. WATT & SO 1ST,
LITERARY AGENTS,
Formerly of 2, PATERNOSTER SQUARE,
Have now removed to
HASTINGS HOUSE, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND,
LONDON, W.C.
Stick in your Scraps with
STICKPHAST PASTE.
Heaps better than gum,
6d. and Is., with strong, useful brush.
Sold by Stationers, Chemists, Stores, Ac.
Factory, SUGAR I^O-A-TP COURT, E.G.
WANTED.
Advanced Lessons in Novel-Writing.
State Successful Works.
Replies will be considered Confidential.
Address— "FICTION,"
Advertising Offices, 10, High Holhorn, W.C.
## p. 137 (#563) ############################################
XT b e Hutbor,
(The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.)
CONDUCTED BY WALTER BESANT.
Vol. Vin.—No. 6.] NOVEMBER i, 1897. [Price Sixpence.
For the Opinions expressed in papers that are
signed or initialled the Authors alone are
responsible. None of the papers or para-
graphs must be taken as expressing the
collective opinions of the Committee unless
they are officially signed by G. Herbert
Thring, Sec.
THE Secretary of the Society begs to give notice that all
remittances are acknowledged by return of post, and
requests that all members not receiving an answer to
important communications within two days will write to him
without delay. All remittances should be crossed Union
Bank of London, Chancery-lane, or be sent by registered
letter only.
Communications and letters are invited by the Editor on
all subjects connected with literature, bnt on no other sub-
jects whatever. Articles which cannot be accepted are
returned if stamps for the purpose accompany the MSS.
GENERAL MEMORANDA.
EOR some years it has been the practice to insert, in
every number of The Author, certain " General Con-
siderations," Warnings, Notices, &c, for the guidance
of the reader. It has been objected as regards these
warnings that the tricks or frauds against which they are
directed cannot all be guarded against, for obvious reasons.
It is, however, well that they should be borne in mind, and
if any publisher refuses a clause of precaution he simply
reveals his true character, and should be left to carry on
his business in his own way.
Let us, however, draw up a few of the rules to be
observed in an agreement. There are three methods of
dealing with literary property:—
I. That of selling it outright.
This is in some respects the most satisfactory, if a proper
price can be obtained. But the transaction should be
managed by a competent agent.
II. A profit-sharing agreement.
In this case the following rules should be attended to:
(1.) Not to sign any agreement in which the cost of pro-
duction forms a part.
(2.) Not to give the publisher the power of putting the
profits into his own pocket by charging for advertisements
VOL. VIII.
in his own organs: or by charging exchange advertise-
ments.
(3.) Not to allow a special charge for " office expenses,"
unless the same allowance is made to the author.
(4.) Not to give up American, Colonial, or Continental
rights.
(5.) Not to give up serial or translation rights.
(6.) Not to bind yourself for future work to any publisher.
As well bind yourself for the future to any one solicitor or
doctor!
(7.) To stamp the agreement.
III. The royalty system.
In this system, which has opened the door to a most
amazing amonnt of overreaching and trading on the
author's ignorance, it is above all things necessary to know
what the proposed royalty means to both 'ides. It is now
possible for an author to ascertain approximately and very
nearly the truth. From time to time the very important
figures connected with royalties are published in The Author.
Headers can also work out the figures themselves from the
"Cost of Production." Let no one, not even the youngest
writer, Bign a royalty agreement without finding out what
it gives the publisher as well as himself.
It has been objeoted that these precautions presuppose a
great success for the book, and that very few books indeed
attain to this great success. That is quite true: but there is
always this uncertainty of literary property that, although
the works of a great many authors carry with them no risk
at all, and although of a great many it iB known within a few
copies what will be their minimum circulation, it is not
known what will be their maximum. Therefore every
author, for every book, should arrange on the chance of a
success which will not, probably, come at all; but which
may come.
The four points which the Society has always demanded
from the outset are:—
(1.) That both sides shall know what an agreement
means.
(2.) The inspection of tho3e account books which belong
to the author. We are advised that this is a right, in the
nature of a common law right, which cannot be denied or
withheld.
(3.) That there shall be no secret profits.
(4.) That nothing shall be charged which has not been
actually paid—for instance, that there shall be no charge for
advertisements in the publisher's own organs and none tor
exchanged advertisements and that all discounts shall be
duly entered.
If these points are carefully looked after, the author may
rest pretty well assured that he is in right hands. At the
same time he will do well to send his agreement to the
secretary before he signs it.
N 2
## p. 138 (#564) ############################################
138 THE AUTHOR.
HOW TO USE THE SOCIETY.
I. liT VERY member has a right to ask for and to receive
ITi advice upon his agreements, his choice of a pub-
lisher, or any dispute arising in the conduct of his
business or the administration of his property. If the advice
Bought is such as can be given best by a solicitor, the member
has a right to an opinion from the Society's solicitors. If the
case is such that Counsel's opinion is desirable, the Com-
mittee will obtain for him Counsel's opinion. All this
without any cost to the member.
2. Remember that questions connected with copyright
and publisher's agreements do not generally fall within the
experience of ordinary solicitors. Therefore, do not scruple
to use the Society first—our solicitors are continually
engaged upon such qnestions for us.
3. Send to the office copies of past agreements and past
accounts with the loan of the books represented. This is in
order to ascertain what has been the nature of your agree-
ments, and the results to author and publisher respectively
so far. The Secretary will always be glad to have any
agreements, new or old, for inspection and note. The infor-
mation thus obtained may prove invaluable.
4. If the examination of your previous business trans-
actions by the Secretary proves unfavourable, yon should
take advice as to a ohange of publishers.
5. Before signing any agreement whatever, send the pro-
posed document to the Society for examination.
6. The Society is acquainted with the methods, and—in
the case of fraudulent nouses—the tricks of every publish,
ing firm in the country.
7. Remember always that in belonging to the Society you
are fighting the battles of other writers, even if you are
reaping no benefit to yourself, and that you are advancing
the best interests of literature in promoting the indepen-
dence of the writer.
8. Send to the Editor of The Author notes of everything
important to literature that you may hear or meet with.
9. The committee have now arranged for the reception of
members' agreements and their preservation in a fireproof
safe. The agreements will, of coarse, be regarded as con-
fidential documents to be read only by the Secretary, who
will keep the key of the safe. The Society now offers :—(1)
To read and advise upon agreements and publishers. (2) To
stamp agreements in readiness for a possible action upon
them. (3) To keep agreements. (4) To enforce payments
due according to agreements.
THE AUTHOES' SYNDICATE.
MEMBERS are informed:
1. That the Authors' Syndicate takes charge of
the business of members of the Society. That it
submits MSS. to publishers and editors, concludes agree-
ments, examines, passes, and collects accounts, and, gene-
rally, relieves members of the trouble of managing business
details.
2. That the terms upon whioh its services can be secured
will be forwarded upon detailed application.
3. That the Authors' Syndicate works only for those
members of the Society whose work possesses a market
value.
4. That the Syndicate can only undertake any negotiations
whatever on the distinct understanding that those negotia-
tions are placed exclusively in its hands, and that al$
communications relating thereto are referred to it.
5. That clients can only be seen by the Director by-
appointment, and that, when possible, at least two days"
notice should be given.
6. That every attempt is made to deal with all communi-
cations promptly. That stamps should, in alt cases, be sent
to defray postage.
7. That the Authors' Syndicate does not invite MSS.
without previous correspondence; does not hold itself
responsible for MSS. forwarded without notice; and that
in all cases MSS. must be accompanied by stamps to defray
postage.
8. That the Syndicate undertakes arrangements for
lectures by some of the leading members of the Society;
that it has a "Transfer Department" for the sale and
purchase of journals and periodicals; and that a " Register
of Wants and Wanted" is open. Members arc invited to-
communicate their requirements to the Manager.
There is an Honorary Advisory Committee, whose services
will be called upon in any case of dispute or difficulty. It
is perhaps necessary to state that the members of the
Advisory Committee have no pecuniary interest whatever in
the Syndicate.
NOTICES.
THE Editor of Tlie Author begs to remind members of the*
Society that, although the paper is sent to them free
of charge, the oost of producing it would be a very
heavy charge on the resources of the Society if a great
many members did not forward to the Secretary the modest
6s. 6tZ. subscription for tho year.
The Editor is always glad to receive short papers and
communications on all subjects connected with literature
from members and others. Nothing can do more good to
the Society than to make The Author complete, attractive,
and interesting. Will those who are willing to aid in this
work send their names and the special subjects on which
they are willing to write?
Communications for The Author Bhould reach the Editor
not later than the 21st of each month.
All persons engaged in literary work of any kind, whether
members of the Society or not, are invited to communicate
to the Editor any points connected with their work which
it would be advisable in the general interest to publish.
Members and others who wish their MSS. read are
requested not to send them to the Office without previously
communicating with the Secretary. The utmost practicable
despatch is aimed at, and MSS. are read in the order in
which they are received. It mnst also be distinctly under-
stood that the Sooiety does not, under any circumstances,
undertake the publication of MSS.
The Authors' Club is now open in its new premises, at
3, Whitehall-court, Charing Cross. Address the Secretary
for information, rules of admission, &c.
Will members take the trouble to ascertain whether they
have paid their subscriptions for the year P If they will do
this, and remit the amonnt, if still unpaid, or a banker's
order, it will greatly assist the Secretary, and Bave him the
trouble of sending out a reminder.
Members are most earnestly entreated to attend to tho
following warning. It is a most foolish and may be a
most disastrous thing to enter into an agreement binding
for a term of years. Let them ask themselves if they
would give a solicitor the collection of their rents for five
years to come, whatever his conduct, whether he was honest
## p. 139 (#565) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
l39
or dishonest? Of course they would not. Why then
hesitate for a moment when they are asked to sign them-
selves into literary bondage for three or five years?
Those who possess the "Cost of Production" are
requested to note that the cost of binding has advanced 15
per cent. This means, for those who do not like the trouble
of "doing sums," the addition of three shillings in the
pound on this head. In other words, if the cost of binding
is set down in our book at eight pounds, to this must now be
added twenty-four shillings more, so that it now stands
at £g 4s. The figures in our book are as near the exact
truth as can be procured; but a printer's, or a binder's,
bill is so elastic a thing that nothing more exact can be
arrived at.
Some remarks have been made upon the amount charged
in the " Cost of Production" for advertising. Of course, we
have not included any sums which may be charged for
inserting advertisements in the publisher's own magazines,
or in other magazines by exchange. As agreements too
often go, there is nothing to prevent the publisher from
sweeping the whole profits of a book into his own pocket,
by inserting any number of advertisements in his own
magazines, and by exchanging with others. Some there are
who call this a form of fraud; it is not known what those
who practise this method of swelling their own profits call it.
LITERARY PROPERTY.
I.—Educational Report.
Report of the Sub-Committee of the Society
of Authors appointed to deal with the Publi-
cation of Educational Works. Approved by
the Committee.
THERE is no literary property more valuable
than a successful class book. The yearly
consumption of such books in elementary
schools may be reckoned by the hundred thousand,
and even in secondary schools a class book of
repute, such as the Public School Latin Primer
or Bradley's Arnold, has a sale of from five to ten
thousand copies a year.
Such hits in educational books, no less than in
other branches of literature, are, of course, rare,
yet we could name ten eminently successful school
books for one scholastic author who has made a
considerable income by his writings. The reason
is not far to seek. Hitherto the educational writer
has, as a rule, been either a schoolmaster who
regards what he makes by his pen as an
unexpected bonus in addition to his regular
salary, or else a distinguished specialist, who, at
the request of a publisher, writes a primer of
history or geography in his leisure hours, and is
content, for a mere nominal sum, to dispose of a
valuable property because it has cost him little
time and trouble to create it.
It may be argued that by so doing the scholar
only wrongs himself, and that not only the pub-
lisher, but the general public, benefits by his care-
less generosity; as a matter of fact, it is only the
publisher who gains. The published price of a
book is not appreciably, if at all, affected by the
consideration whether the author has been paid
lio or jfiiooo for the copyright; but the terms
that a publisher is willing to give are determined
by what the leading authorities are willing to take.
In this way the market price is lowered, and the
out-put of educational literature is stopped. It
ceases to be a paying profession. In all branches
of literature the professional author must expect
to be under-bid by the amateur, but the condi-
tions under which educational works appear are in
some respects peculiar.
Very often the inducement to write is the need
the author has felt for a certain manual or class
book in his own teaching, and if he can find a
publisher who will produce the book he needs, and
relieve him of all risk, he is indifferent to any
profit.
Let us urge upon all persons connected with
educational literature to take over into their own
hands the management, in part, at least, of their
own books.
A study of the notes appended to this Report
will perhaps open their eyes. These notes point
out at least some of the dangers to be avoided.
The leading principles to be insisted on are
these:—
1. Never to sell the copyright of an educational
book under any circumstances.
2. To arrive at an understanding what the agree-
ment gives the publisher as well as what it
gives the author. If the publisher refuses to
give these figures, the author should either
refuse to sign the agreement, or should take
advice as to the cost of producing the book,
and therefore the proportion the publisher
proposes to reserve for himself. A sliding
scale offers a certain kind of remedy.
3. The insertion of clauses in the agreement
which would prevent the publisher from
altering the book, transferring the book, or
killing the book.
4. Provision for improved terms if the book
becomes a success.
And as a further security we should urge upon
all authors of educational books to join the
Society of Authors, and to sign no agreement
without sending it to the secretary for revision.
Notes on the Cases.
The sub-committee appointed for considering
the present condition of educational publishing
have received and analysed a certain number of
cases. Notes of the chief objections to the
contracts and terms for publication investigated
by them are epitomised below as follows :—
## p. 140 (#566) ############################################
140
THE AUTHOR.
Deferred Royalty.
1. The worst feature that one observes after
tabulating the agreements is the deferred royalty.
The author is induced by the bribe of a small
sum, generally =£25, to accept an agreement by
which he actually gives the publisher many
thousand—say, seven to ten—copies for himself,
should the book succeed! After this, the author
is to have 10 or perhaps 15 per cent. Let us,
remembering that even with books actually carry-
ing great risk the publishers never used to
venture on asking for more than half profits,
consider what this means.
Most of these works are small books, pub-
lished at 2s. or 2s. 6d. It must be a very expen-
sive little book that, offered at 2,v. 6r/., would cost
more than 6d. to produce in a large edition of 6000,
including advertising. This means an apparent
risk of .£75. As for the cost of advertising, the
sum of JE10 spent in advertising means no more
than ?d. a volume for an edition of 6000. As
educational books are published, the publisher
gets about is. yl. a copy or gd. a copy
profit, taking, oi course, an average book of
the size and price under consideration. So
that in, say, 6coo copies lie gains .£250,
less what he advanced the author, say .£25.
In fact, this agreement says, practically to the
author: "Yours is the book: it is your pro-
perty, your estate: if I administer it I must have
for the first 6000 copies nine times your share.
Afterwards, at a 10 per cent, royalty, I am to
have three times your share."
What is the way to put an end to the accept-
ance of these one-sided terms? The first thing
is to pour a flood of light upon the situation, so
that everyone shall clearly understand it. After-
wards to refuse the agreement on such terms, and
to take the book elsewhere.
Amount oj Royalties.
2. Ten per cent, used to be considered a very
fair royalty. This means, however, that, with a
large sale, the publisher generally gets about
three times what he gives the author!
Deferred Payments.
3. It is a commou practice to makeup accounts
to Dec. 31, and not to pay till three, four, or six
months later.
This should not be consented to. It means at
least three months' enjoyment of the author's
money, which is more than enough. It has
been contended that a large part, if not
the whole, of a publisher's working expenses
are frequently defrayed by this mode of with-
holding money due to authors for six months
or a whole year. For instance, if a publisher has
to pay £25,000 a year to authors, and keeps it
back for a year, there accrues to the house the
sum of ,£2500 (reckoning a commercial interest of
10 per cent.) out of which to pay their clerks,
accountants, and travellers.
A clause in one agreement, for instance, states
that accounts are to be made up once a year—
say, June 30, and rendered to the author soon
after that date; and the money due is to be paid
on or bt-fore Dec. 31 of the same year.
Therefore the account of June 30, 1896,
includes all sales from June 30, 1895. The
author, therefore, has none of the money due for
the sales of July, 1895, until Dec. 1896. He is
kept out of his money for eighteen mouths! The
fact has ODly to be stated in order to show the
monstrous nature of the thing.
Small Sums Paid to Great Scholars.
4. There is a certain series of books, all of
which have run into many thousands of copies.
It will hardly be believed that the publishers have
actually offered one of our greatest living scholars
,£35 and ,£40 respectively for the preparation aod
editing of two books in this series!
Arbitration Clause.
5. In one or two cases the appointment of an
arbitrator in case of dispute is provided for, and
this may frequently prove useful. But it is of the
utmost importance to point out that an arbitrator
after the agreement is signed is frequently quite
unnecessary, because the dispute is generally as
to the keeping of the agreement, which is a simple
matter for a lawyer's letter. What is wanted is
an arbitrator before the agreement is signed. We
would suggest that the secretary of the Society of
Authors should be called in to approve every
agreement on behalf of the author, to meet the
publisher's representatives if need be, and to
procure a settlement by some conveyancing
counsel, perfectly indifferent to both parties, in
case of difference.
Remainder Stoci.
6. In one of the cases before us the publisher
binds himself not to sell off the remainder stock
for a certain time. After that time he can, if he
pleases, kill the book in favour of some other on
the same subject by selling the remainder stock.
The clause should contain a proviso that the
remainder stock should not be sold unless with
the author's consent. This consent would, of
course, be given if the book were clearly dead.
Binding Clauses.
7. The author frequently contracts not to write
another book on the subject. We never find,
however, the publisher entering into a similar
## p. 141 (#567) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
contract not to publish another book on the
subject. It is essential that either both or neither
of the parties to the contract should be bound by
such a stipulation.
Royalty Lowered.
8. There is often a clause about lowering the
royalty in case of bringing out the book in
America. Care must be taken that the lowering
should be in proportion to the actual price paid
by the public.
Thus, in a 6s. book, a shilling on each copy is a
shilling on 4s. 6d„ i.e., 22* per cent, on the pub-
lished price. If the American edition is published
at 75 cents, the corresponding American royalty
should be 8d.
Odd Copies.
9. In one case a publisher so far presumed
upon the ignorance of his author as to insert a
clause stating that for " odd copies " no royalty
should be granted! In other words, if a book-
seller ordered single copies of the work, the
author was to have nothing. Rex ipsa loquitur.
"13 as 12."
10. In some agreements the royalties have to
be paid on the sale of "13 as 12." This means
knocking off 8 per cent, from the author's profits,
and, as the publisher does not sell 13 copies as 12,
except in special cases where a batch is ordered,
he must not account at this rate as if the practice
were universal.
A Good Agreement.
11. If a half profit system is ever a good
system, then we have one good agreement in the
following case actually before us:
i. The author is provided with vouchers for
every item of cost.
ii. He is not charged with office expenses—both
himself and the publisher paying his own.
iii. The advertisements are detailed, with date
and cost.
iv. All the discounts are allowed in the
account.
v. It is a real bond fide, half profit system,
with no secret profits, and everything
fair and above board.
vi. "Overs " are included in the account.
This will be news to most of our readers. At
any printing off of an edition the press runs on
to make uptime. Extra numbers—called "overs"
—are thus printed, and used to supply the place
of spoiled copies. In the book before us there were
in three editions seventy-eight " overs," the sale
of which, supposing there were no spoiled copies,
meant about ,£14. Never once in any publisher's
account have we seen these " overs" entered and
accounted for except in this.
Sale of Copyright.
12. Perhaps the most unfair clause of these
agreements is that which assigns the copyrights of
the book to the publisher. The dangers behind
this clause are unbounded.
Above all things, an educational writer must
keep the control of new editions. This he cannot
do if the copyright is in the hands of his pub-
lisher, nor can he prevent additions, alterations,
and omissions to the book except by expensive
lawsuits, which may, after all, go against him.
Or the book might be transferred to some other
house, where it would conflict with another book
on the same subject. Such transfers are not
unknown.
Or the publishers might resolve not to re-
edit the book in favour of a new one which might
sell better.
Right of Author to Re cdit.
13. One additional proviso should be added to
the present notes. In a case where the author
sells his copyright, a system of which the society
gravely doubts the expediency, but which perhaps
for some reason the author might desire to adopt,
it is absolutely essential that the author should
bind the publisher, in case a fresh edition is
wanted, to give him the option to re-edit upon a
fixed notice. The following clause appears in a
publisher's agreement where he has purchased
the copyright:
The said author, in consideration of the payments and
royalties reserved to him under this agreement, undertakes,
as occasion may require, to edit new editions of the said
work, and supply any new matter that may be necessary
to bring- the information contained in the work up to date.
This is very clumsily expressed. The author,
so far as the words go, binds himself to re-edit,
but the publisher, on the other hand, does not
bind himself to ask the author to do so. If this
be the proper construction of the clause, the
author might find himself in the position of
having his book re-edited by an incompetent hand
with no redress. _..
II.—Alleged Infringement op Copyright.
Metcalf v. Conway.
A suit dealing with an alleged infringement of
copyright was taken before the Chief Judge in
Equity. The parties were Sydney Metcalf, plaintiff,
and James Conway, defendant.
Mr. F. J. M'Manamey (instructed by Messrs.
Lane and Roberts) appeared for plaintiff, Mr.
J. T. Lingen (instructed by Mr. W. H. Piggott)
for defendant.
In the statement made by plaintiff it was said
that about the end of 18y6 the Public Service
Board issued and published certain regulations
in connection with certain competitive examiua-
## p. 142 (#568) ############################################
142
THE AUTHOR.
tions to be held by the Board, and also certain
directions to be observed by candidates, together
with instructions for the guidance of persons
appointed to superintend at such examinations.
In Feb., 1897, the plaintiff printed and pub-
lished an original work of thirty-two pages,
entitled "A Guide to the Public Service Com-
petitive Examinations," which was duly registered
in accordance with the Copyright Act of 1879.
Plaintiff was sole proprietor of the copyright of
this work. Defendant was editor and part pro-
prietor of a certain periodical published monthly
in Sydney, called the New South Wales Educa-
tional Gazette. About April and May last
defendant printed and published, in the issues of
the Gazette for those months, certain paragraphs
about the said examinations, which, in the
arrangement of the matter, abridgement of the
statements, and otherwise, consisted almost ex-
clusively of extracts from the plaintiff's said
work, with slight variations. No authority or
permission had been given by plaintiff for the use
of his work, or of extracts therefrom, to defen-
dant, or any other person, on behalf of or con-
nected with the said Gazette, and the use made
of plaintiff's work in the said monthly numbers
was an illegal and unauthorised infringement of
plaintiff's rights, and plaintiff had sustained
great damage thereby. It was asked by plaintiff
that an amount be token of the profits made by
defendant by the sale of the said monthly
nuuibers, that the damages sustained by plaintiff
by the sale of the said numbers be ascertained
by the Court, that defendant be ordered to pay
to the plaintiff the amount of such profits and
damages, and that defendant be restrained from
disposing of any copies of the Gazette containing
any portion or extract from "The Guide to the
Public Service Competitive Examinations."
For the defence it was not admitted that the
work printed and published by plaintiff was an
original work, and it was denied that what had
been publislnd by defendant was an illegal or
unauthorised infringement of the plaintiff's
alleged rights. Defendant also denied that plain-
tiff had sustained any damage by the publication
of the same, and said that the sale of the book
ceased prior to such publication, and that his
book had become obsolete owing to alterations of
the regulations in the examinations. It was also
said that the alleged paragraphs consisted only of
a verbatim copy of the examination 2^apers, of
which many hundred copies had been published
and distributed by the Government, and were
public property, before plaintiff printed them in
his book, and that defendant was himself the
possessor of a printed copy sent by the Govern-
ment of every question published in his Gazette,
and were the result of no independent work 011
the part of the plaintiff, and were the mere
re-publication of information which was open to
all the world to publish and obtain from the same
source.
After hearing lengthy argument, his Honour
said there appeared to have been no infringement
of any kind, and he was satisfied that the suit haxl
failed. The suit would be dismissed with costs.
—Sydney Daily Telegraph, Sept. 10.
III.—The Berne Convention.
The following is from Le Droit a"'Auteur •
Ratification of the Additional Act and of the
Interpretive Declaration of Mav 4, 1896. Sept. 9,
1897.
Certain circumstances having rendered it im-
possible to execute, within the period originally
fixed, the exchange of the ratifications of the
Additional Act of May 4, 1896, modifying
articles 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, and 20 of the Convention
of Sept. 9, 1886, and the Xos. 1 and 4 of the
Final Prvtovol attached to it, as well as the
Declaration interpretive of certain provisions of
the Convention of Berne of Sept. 9, 1886, and of
the Additional Act signed at Paris on May 4,
1896, it has been unanimously agreed that the
period originally fixed should be extended to the
present day.
In consequence of which the imdersigned have
met to sign and to deposit the present deed.
Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy,
Luxemburg, Monaco, Montenegro, Switzerland,
and Tunis have ratified the two Acts.
Great Britain has ratified only the Additional
Act, both for the United Kingdom and for all
the British Colonies and possessions.
Norway has ratified ODly the Interpretive
Declaration.
The copies of these ratifications having been
produced, and found to be in right and due form,
have been placed in the hands of the Minister of
Foreign Affairs of the French Republic, for
deposition in the archives of the Ministry, this
deposition being in place of the exchange of the
said Acts.
(The date, Paris, Sept. 9, 1S97, and the signa-
tures of the representatives of the various
countries, follow.)
The Droit a" Auteur adds the following
interesting note:
According to the fourth article of the
Additional Act of May 4, 1896, this Act will
come into force three months after the exchange
of the ratifications by the ratifying countries—
that is to say, in all countries of the Union, with
the exception of Norway and Hayti. It accord-
## p. 143 (#569) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
i43
ingly becomes law on Dec. 9, 1897. From that
date it will form one whole with the Convention to
which it is attached, so that it cannot be separ-
ately denounced.
The Interpretive Declaration becomes law as
soon as it is ratified. It therefore applies to all
countries of the Union, with the exception of
Great Britain and Hayti, from Sept. 9, 1897.
—
ON BRINGING OUT A BOOE.
I.—Do We Want a Publisher?
1.
BEG to submit the following observations
for the very serious consideration of
readers:
What does a publisher do for a book which
could not be done by a clerk of intelligence suffi-
cient to carry out a work of the most common
routine?
First; he arranges with the printer about the
printing, with the papermaker about the paper,
with the binder about the binding. These matters
can be so adjusted that nothing is to be paid
until the first returns of the book. It will be
observed that experience makes the three arrange-
ments perfectly easy and a mere matter of a few
minutes. He then, before he decides on the
number to be printed, subscribes the book in
London as a kind of feeler or guide. He knows
pretty well from the number thus taken how
many will be taken by the country. The diffe-
rence between the cost of production and the first
subscription is the "risk" of a book. In the
case of books attractive by their subject or by
the reputation of their writers, it is needless to
say that the risk is nil; that is to say, without
counting money that may have been paid to the
writer. The advertising follows. It needs very
little intelligence to understand that very little
advertising is wanted for a book which can have
but a limited demand; and, still less to under-
stand that it is quite useless to advertise in papers
which either have a small circulation, or deal with
subjects not concerned with that of the book in
question.
What else does a publisher do for a book? He
has travellers who "push" it: that is to say,
offer it to the trade, which is already ruined by
taking books at prices which do not allow them
to make a living profit on them.
These things being so, why cannot authors
recognise the fact that the publisher is no longer
necessary, and that the present method of pub-
lishing should be buried and regarded as a relic
VOL. VIII.
of bygone days when authors were few and the
circulation of publications very limited?
What is to-day required, if the pecuniary
results of a book are to be apportioned justly to
the source of production, is for all, great or com-
paratively unknown, to create a publishing
agency of their own, become their own pub-
lishers, and dispense absolutely with the pub-
lisher.
To accomplish this would necessitate no colossal
task, or present any insurmountable barrier. The
only one principle of difficulty involved to some
would be that every author must be liable for
deferred payment on account of the first outlay in
the production of his work.
To do this it will be necessary for the agent to
arrange for the printing and production in the
author's name; he himself will not be personally
liable for any expenditure. Otherwise his method
of procedure would be exactly the same as that of
the publisher.
Of course, when a work has no marketable
value, or is not appreciated by the public, no
advantage would result, which is only natural,
and would result in a loss under any circum-
stances; but if there is any profit possible to be
derived, it could be obtained under this system,
when a heavy loss would be the only reward
under present conditions; and an author would be
recompensed up to the very hilt for his works,
whereas now, even in the most favourable case,
he is compelled to accept but a small proportion
of the published price of his volumes. When the
successful circulation of books on this system was
achieved, it is obvious that the old methods would
fall into complete disrepute and would be aban-
doned. F. B.
11.
On the above proposition—
It may be objected that the agent would want
a warehouse. But some publishers do not keep
their books in a warehouse: they let them lie
at the binder's till they are wanted: they are
sent out by the binder. A few copies of each
book would be sufficient.
The details of management would be exactly
the same in all respects as at present, save and
except the very important—though essential—
point that the selling price of the book would
be divided between bookseller and author, the
agent taking only his percentage.
Let us see how this method would work with a
book fairly successful.
We take the 6». book—our most convenient
unit.
If 3000 copies were sold, the figures would
come out approximately as follows:
1. The cost of production may be assumed tc-
o
## p. 144 (#570) ############################################
144
THE AUTHOR.
be i«. with advertising. There is before me a
publisher's account showing cost of production of
1750 copies—without advertising, q\d. a copy.
2. The trade price, covering carriage, might
be 3*. id.
3. The agent's charge on all moneys received
would be \2\ per cent.
4. The price paid by the public would be
4*. 6d.
£ s. d.
Cost of production at i*., wilh
advertising 150 o o
Agent's charge 60 18 9
For the author 276 11 3
487 10 o
By 3000 copies at 3*. 3d 487 10 o
So that the three persons concerned, the
author, the bookseller, and the agent, would
profit in the following proportion:
Author, .£276 iii. 3<?., i.e., a royalty of is. io\d.,
or 31 per cent., a copy.
Bookseller, £187 10s., i.e., a royalty of is. 3d., or
20 per cent., a copy.
Agent, £60 18*. gd., i.e.,a royalty of 4}d., or 7 per
cent., a copy.
Of course, the bookseller could be " squeezed,"
so as to afford a still larger profit to the author;
but he has been squeezed too much already. It
is .greatly to the interests of the author that the
trade should be treated with far greater liberality
than has hitherto been the case.
Take the more common case, however, where
the book produced only sells about a thousand
copies. How will the figures come out?
There lies before me a publisher's bill in which
the cost of producing 1750 copies is =£70, without
advertising:
£ t. d.
Cost of production of 1750 copies... 70 o o
Advertising 20 o o
Agent 20 7 o
Author 52 3 o
162 10 o
By sale of 1000 at 3*. 3^ 162 10 o
i.e.—Royalty to the author, is. a, copy.
Royalty to the bookseller, i*. 3</. a copy.
Royalty to the agent, 5J. a copy.
But, it may be objected, by such a method the
newcomer would have no chance. Has he much
chance now? Under this method the newcomer
would take the advice of the Society's reader
before becoming liable: it must be remembered
that the liability which interested persons always
represent as the whole cost of production, is
nothing but the difference between the cost of
production and the Jirst subscription. This
difference, when booksellers recognise the agency
and understand what it means, would speedily
vanish.
In addition to the machinery advised by " F. B.,"
it is suggested that a small board, unpaid, of men
and women of letters should decide what books
should be taken by the agency. A business or
publishing agency which admitted all books, good
or bad, would very soon become a mere machinery
for the production of any stuff for which the
writer chose to pay. From the outset the agency
must possess authority and command respect.
Apart from the question of author and pub-
lisher, the present methods of publishing are
in many respects antiquated and mischievous.
The method advocated is simple and easy. It
could be started in a single day and perfected in
a month, provided that a certain number—not a
great many—of popular and successful writers
would adopt the method. The figures given
above are only tentative and approximate: in the
case of writers having a very large circulation the
authors' royalty would be, of course, much
greater.
This is only one answer to the question of " Do
we want a Publisher?"
The method proposed will sweep away the whole
tribe of small publishers.
There will remain, however, the solid houses.
For instance, it is not conceivable that any body
of scholars should of their own will unite in the
production of an encyclopaedia; a dictionary of
biography; a dictionary of antiquities; the estab-
lishment of an illustrated magazine, or any series
requiring thought, management, and care for
arrangement and detail. These things require,
first, the mind, which watches the requirements,
demands, and fashions of the day; the organiser;
the administrator. The method of publishing
recommended by "F. B. " seems to me very good,
and extremely simple. But it is not the only
answer to the question.
We do want a publisher, and must have a
publisher, for vast fields of intellectual work
which a publishing agency could only attack if
it had a large reserve fund at its disposal. But
for the contributor to the various departments of
general literature a publishing agency, managed
intelligently, would remove the whole of the fric-
tion, suspicion, and jealousy which, it cannot be
denied, now exists in the relations of author and
publisher. W. B.
II.—Another View.
In the following paper is attempted a sober
discussion of the relationship between authors
and their public, eliminating on the one hand the
## p. 145 (#571) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
145
purely business speculations of large or small
publishing houses, such as reprints, standard
collections, encyclopaedias, dictionaries, and so
forth, and on the other hand all contentious
questions as to what relation the Society of
Authors, or other official body, shall bear or shall
not bear toward facilitating the path of literary
beginners. And to clear the ground, a few intro-
ductory remarks on the function of the publisher
are necessary.
The function is twofold. It is that of entre-
preneur—undertaker, as the economists say; it is
also that of agent pure and simple.
As entrepreneur the position of the publisher
is not only unassailable, it is essential. In other
words, this is the legitimate branch of the
publishing business. In the production of a
"series " or set of "lives," it is a mere matter of
supply and demand, a speculation in which the
publisher contracts for his literary wares according
to the quality he desires, and purveys them to
the pubbc. No one is compelled to do this class
of work except at his own price, and if A.'s
repute makes it essential that he and he only
should be intrusted with any particular division
of it, A.'s price has to be paid. If, on the other
hand, anyone can do the thing, it falls into the
class of literary unskilled labour, and is paid for
accordingly. No amount of grumbling will ever
alter this. In work of this kind the initiative
belongs to the publisher, and he is accordingly
and rightly master of the situation.
In the second division of the publisher's func-
tion, that of agent, the initiative belongs to the
author, and therefore he, and he only, should have
control. Now, the real mischief is that the pub-
lisher always, the public generally, and the author
often, allow the vast difference between these
two very diverse functions of the publisher to
drop out of sight. Add that few, we fear very
few, literary people have the least idea of the
most ordinary business transactions, and the
spectacle of the publisher as autocrat need arouse
no surprise. It is the working of this function
that we propose to examine.
Having defined the subject of our paper as
dealing with books initiated by the author and
written by him at his own proper charge, we
arrive at the necessity for a fresh division of what
is after all a very large subject.
We have to consider (1) books written by
authors of sufficient means to pay the real
expense of printing and advertising them, and (2)
books written by less fortunate authors who
cannot bear any expenses whatever. There will
be of course a few who are able to pay a certain
sum towards cost of production, but for the
purposes of the argument we will classify these
VOL. VIII.
under the second heading and treat them as (pro-
ductively) insolvent.
Let us consider the second category first. It is
to be feared that for persons thus situated no
drastic remedies can possibly be devised. Con-
sider that almost everyone above a certain level
is, in these days, capable of writing a book of
some sort, just as everyone is able to daub a
canvas, and set piano wires vibrating on some
kind of preconcerted plan. It is the average
talent that is thus seeking to perpetuate its
existence. But it is unfortunately the average
achievement that is of no earthly interest to any-
body, and only those things can possibly attract
attention which contain the element of progress,
lifting us out of the old ruts on to the ridges, and
permitting a new survey from that vantage
ground.
It is quite clear that the impecunious author must
offer himself to the publisher—the publisher, be it
remembered, operating in his first and legitimate
function, the publisher as entrepreneur. And it is
unfortunately equally clear that here the stern
and inflexible maxims of commercial business
will operate. In risky transactions the success-
ful ones have to pay for the unsuccessful. That
is no fault of the publisher. Were he a thing of
iron and steel, a merepenny-in-the-slot mechanism,
he could not be expected to give out more than he
got in. And besides, the publisher works neither
for hope nor glory—he wants dividends. There
is little advantage to him if a book has high
literary merit but lacks sale. Such things we
believe have been known. He gains no renown.
On the other hand, the author stands to profit
largely by such a contretemps. Directly by kudos,
indirectly possibly by work, which he would
otherwise have lacked.
We have desired to do justice to the publisher.
It is to be feared many persons not only mix the
two distinct functions we have referred to, but
import into the question a very debateable and
wholly foreign thing, viz., the desirability of pro-
viding some kind of "foundation" whereby
talented and deserving authors may have their
first works subsidised.
In the July Author, the letter of "E. W. H."
furnishes us with an example of this. He wishes
to see a most portentous phenomenon—an
academy, a literary publishing company, limited,
and a censorship pledged to "raise the tone of
English literature —all in one. This is a large
order.
It is most desirable that all such schemes for
stimulating the production of literature be left
out of account in the discussion of the vexed
question of the relations between Author and
Publisher. It may be desirable to adopt the
o 2
## p. 146 (#572) ############################################
146
THE AUTHOR.
principle of the Prize Essay; it would be very
feasible if only some philanthropic person would
provide the funds; but it is utterly beside any
question arising out of publishing considered as a
serious business.
We are, therefore, regretfully compelled to
leave the unfledged author (with his pile of
manuscript which he lacks means to put into
print) diffidently seated in the awful presence of
the Publisher operating as entrepreneur, and the
best we can do for him—is to wish him success.
• * » • #
If we have hitherto been genially inclined
towards the publisher, and have even mentioned
the word "justice " in connection with his deeds,
it is only because we have not yet considered the
case of those authors able and willing to finance
their own works, and requiring the publisher's
assistance only in his second function—-that of
agent.
We may say at once that there appears to be in
this direction room for sharp and drastic altera-
tion of existing relationships.
It is a very fundamental principle, not of pub-
lishing only, but of most other things also, that
"he who pays the piper has a right to call the
tune." But when it conies to publishing books,
it appears that the author is expected to pay and
be thankful that the "house condescends to
accept his money. This is no personal experience
of our own; it is based upon facts accessible to
everybody—the publications of the Society and
the very interesting little histories they contain.
Enough, however, of recrimination, which, though
pleasant and helpful to the intellect, can easily be
overdone, perhaps has already been overdone. The
point is, what is the remedy?
We will first collect the facts pertaining to the
average production of a book, initiated by its
author, and waiting in MS. form to be offered to
the public.
It will readily be allowed that the details of
printing and binding are purely mechanical, and
that the real crux of the problem is reached
when the green and gold volumes stand in the
printer's (or the binder's) warehouse at the
disposal of the person who has paid for them.
Those volumes have to gain the attention of the
reviewers, and not only of the reviewers, but of
the public; they have to be distributed through-
out the kingdom, perhaps throughout the world,
to the public; they have to be paid for by the
public, and by more or less indirect channels the
amount so paid has to be collected by the author.
Not so simple a matter after all.
It is manitlnit that the author, even were he
willing, cannot hawk his own wares. He must,
at every stage mentioned above, avail himself of
the services of other persons, which services will
have to be paid for. But the question at once
suggests itself—shall he pay exorbitantly for
those services; shall he, for the sake of those
services, part with all right and control over his
own property, or shall he establish a state of
things by which those services shall bear a recog-
nised and constant and modest market value, and
himself be the sole person to benefit by any
exceptional favour shown by the public to his
work.
In our opinion the author who is in a position
to finance his own output has entire mastery of
the situation, and is himself to blame if he
allows others to make speculative profits to his
detriment.
He can effect this desirable change in one of
two ways—by forming a healthy public opinion,
by helping to establish a compact body of prece-
dents, and thus entrench his position relatively
to the existing publishing fraternity: in other
words by consulting with and supporting the
Society of Authors before and during every
negotiation he undertakes, until the various ideals
striven for have become matters of course, and
this is perhaps, though the least heroic, the most
obviously practical way; or he can originate or
assist in originating a new organisation for reach-
ing the public.
By this we mean the establishment of a pub-
lishing centre, whose business shall be entirely
confined to publishing the works of its members
at a fixed percentage on cost, or, more accurately,
on receipts.
Nothing whatever stands in the way of such
an establishment. There is no mystery, no
masonic secret in the art and craft of publishing
that a competent man familiar with its ins and
outs cannot be secured at a fair remuneration to
undertake those details of business which, as we
have said, no author can with any possibility, or
at least with any regard to dignity, do for him-
self? We speak, it is true, without knowledge
of the inner life of publishing, but having had
a somewhat varied experience of commercial
affairs, it appears to us inconceivable that it
should be unlike all other businesses, without
energy and talent of management ready to be
engaged by any holder of a sufficiently long
purse.
To deal a death-blow to the whole system of
demands for transfer of copyrights, of exorbi-
tant charges for printing, of inordinate and
useless expenditure in advertising, is a very
simple matter. It requires only a little courage.
It requires only that a few, perhaps a very few,
authors of repute shall countenance the forma-
tion of a Trust on business lines, and shall con-
## p. 147 (#573) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
sent to serve on its committee or directorate, in
the face of the world. There must be many
persons, probably very many, who desire to
publish their works at their own expense, could
they be assured that the working of such a
Publishing Centre would be above suspicion, and
would, on the other hand, not be regarded as an
eccentric and doubtfully "respectable " avenue of
publicity.
As a business speculation it would undoubtedly
pay well. The records of the Society show that.
There would be fewer victims. If no good were
done, at least no harm would be done, to the
interests of those who would have otherwise
fallen into the clutches of the greedier type of
publisher.
But such an undertaking must be a business
oue, ran on business lines. There must be no
Utopian ideas about publishing works of genius
by unknown writers. In fact, no risks whatever
must be undertaken, either from the experienced
or the unexperienced author.
Such a Trust would not in any sense supersede
or render superfluous the work of the Society.
On the contrary, however eminent the sponsors,
however experienced the management, the lynx-
eye of the Society should watch over its proceed-
ings with as zealous care as if it were a publisher
strongly suspected of impending bankruptcy.
The Society is and should remain a regulating
agency, no suspicion of other motives (pace
"E. W. H." and others) should be allowed for a
moment to sully its 'scutcheon. As well the
Royal Society start a manufactory of microscopes!
We are advocating no impracticable system of
"co-operation." Co-operation as applied to the
selling of cheese and the wholesale handling of
tea is a great success, but it is a co-operation of
consumers and not of producers. Indeed, for our
purpose it is not essential that the capital required
be held by literary persons at all. It is only
necessary that it be countenanced by them, and,
broadly speaking, supervised by some of them. As
a matter of business the organising of a publish-
ing Trust on the lines indicated would not be a
difficult undertaking if set about in something like
the following way.
Seven or more persons, being authors of repute,
meet and mutually agree to form a public com-
pany for the publication of their own and others'
works.
They draw up or adopt a prospectus setting
forth the objects of the Trust, which they declare
to be as follows:—
(i) The engagement of a competent and expe-
rienced manager, familiar with the publishing
trade, to undertake the business management of
the Trust's affairs.
(2) The production, i.e., printing, binding, Ac.,
of the works of authors who are willing to pay in
cash for the work done, such printing, &c.f to be
given out by the Trust to competent tradesmen by
tender in the usual way, and the cost price—the
actual net cost price, free of all rebates, dis-
counts, and allowances—charged against the
author.
(3) The advertising of the author's work on an
estimated scale to be previously agreed on with
him (with the same provision as to net cost and
cash payments by the author).
(4) The introduction to the retail trade and
Press (by the usual recognised methods) of the
author's work, the coat of such introduction being
charged against the author as a fixed percentage
on the transaction.
(5) The collection of moneys and the crediting
of same to the author.
(6) The author to pay to the Trust a fixed per-
centage on receipts for its services.
(7) The stringent limitation of the Trust's
business to the publishing of works whose authors
are able to pay in advance for the work to be
done, or furnish approved guarantees for the said
payment. It should not be competent for the
Trust to undertake any business whatever of a
speculative character.
Thus far for the Trust. It is clear that pro-
vided a sufficient number of works be published
through its agency, it would be a financial success.
But in consideration of the special purpose of the
organisation, and to exclude the speculative com-
mercial spirit as far as may be from its councils,
two useful principles might be worked into its
constitution. It should not be competent for it
to pay bonus or dividend exceeding, say, 7 per cent.,
nor to increase its management expenses beyond a
certain percentage of turnover.
And the author. How would he benefit? 1st, by
retaining absolute control over his own productions;
2nd, by an increased revenue from his work. And
the effect of this control and increased value
would reach favourably over the whole field of
literary work. Did he desire to sell outright, and
realise at once the prospective profits, the market
price of such a "deal" would be affected in his
favour by the increase in average profits that would
thus have come to him.
Yet we believe that the financial is the least
important side of the question. Literature would
gain a new freedom and a new dignity by shaking
off the shackles of commercialism that at present
have it strongly in grip. Not only the strong
and prosperous would benefit, but many would
be lifted out of the ranks of dependents into that
of masters of their own work.
When this reform shall have been carried out
## p. 148 (#574) ############################################
148
THE AUTHOR.
it will bo time to consider the bitter cry of
impecunious genius, and how best it can be assisted
on to the ladder of fame.
In this paper, already too long, the test of all
theories, i.e., figures, cannot be gone into. In
a future article, if the Editor is willing, the
practical details of such a Trust can be threshed
out.
But it would be an interesting thing if those of
the readers of The Author who would be prepared
to support such an institution by publishing
through it on the terms suggested would write to
the Editor and say so. By this means the
amount of support the scheme would receive may
be tentatively gauged.
We suggest that each reader of The Author
ask himself this question:
"Were a Trust instituted, the workings of which
(freely open to the Society's inspection) tcere
recognised to be abore suspicion, and whose entry
into the icorld tcere to be countenanced by men of
rejmtation, should I, in that case, be in a position
to place my work in its hands, pay for the cost of
production and advertising, and receive all the
proceeds, less a percentage for the Trust's trouble."
And when each reader has answered this
question to his own satisfaction, let him embody
that answer in a succinct phrase, and send it on a
post-card to the Editor. N. C.
NEW YORE LETTER.
New York, Oct. 16.
THE second volume of the " Literary History
of the American Revolution" has just
been published by the Putnams. Like the
first volume, it gives a mass of information of
the most interesting kind about the intellectual
and artistic activities of our country at a time
when it was most alive to real subjects. One
who has any interest in the Revolution or in the
origin of American literature should read the
whole book; but if one were picking out the
most salient poiuts he might call attention to
Sam Adams, the character who counted for so
much during his life, and was so much in the
shade a little while after. Adams, although he
wrote with correctness and distinction, had his
greatest influence through the action of his mind
on his contemporaries, but the historical tendency
of the day is restoring him to his former im-
portance. Tom Paine, the most remarkable pure
journalist of the time, who seemed to voice the
very feelings of the people from day to day, is
another exceptionally interesting figure; and the
poet Freneau, the first genuine poet of American
democracy, stands out vividly. The production!
of a certain number of dramatic works, both
by the loyalists and by the Tories, is an enter-
taining episode of the times. By the way, the
most interesting dramatic success of the present
season in this country, is that of Richard
Mansfield in George Bernard Shaw's play
of the American Revolution. Everybody goes to
see it. and everybody comes away somewhat
baffled. The general feeling is one of satisfac-
tion, which promises that the drama will hold
American interest for a long time. Of course^
the principal ideas in the play deal with human
nature in its general aspects, but the two quali-
ties of the American character, a love of praise
for this country and a love of fair play, are so
cleverly mixed up by Mr. Shaw with his alternate
raps at the British and the Americans, that the-
national element does count for something in the
attractions of the play. As for Mr. Mansfield,
it has always been something of a puzzle to many
of his admirers that there seems to be no more
interest in him in England than there is. Nobody
in America can compete with him along his line
of subtle critical characterisation, and the general
feeling of dramatic experts that he is the first
American actor in rank—at least if an exception
be made of Joe Jefferson, who is so near the end
of his career—is founded on a good deal of
undoubted truth.
In connection with this subject of patriotism,
an interesting occurrence of the last few weeks
may be mentioned. Three English poets were to
be put among a list of names in the new Con-
gressional Library at Washington, and the large
Irish societies of this country fought hard to have
Tom Moore among them. He was finally excluded
upon the the ground that he once made a bitter
attack on Thomas Jefferson.
Houghton, Mifflin, and Co. have on their list of
fall books some essays by Charles William Eliot,
the President of Harvard University, who writes
about American affairs, especially in their educa-
tional, sociological, and political aspects, with the-
authority of long and careful observation, in a.
strong and simple style. Another Harvard pro-
duction of interest, to the specialist at least, is a
new edition, in five volumes, of Professor Child's
great ten-volume work on English ballads. A
limited edition of the last volume is to be pub-
lished by itself in gorgeous form.
The new firm of Doubleday and McChire has.
started a device which seems to bring the pub-
lishing business still nearer daily journalism.
Upon the temporary paper cover of some of their
books is printed a synopsis of the contents,
intended to let the casual wanderer in the book-
store decide whether he cares to purchase the
## p. 149 (#575) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
149
work. Most of our newspapers now publish
serial stories, in which each chapter is preceded
by an abstract of everything that has gone
before.
McClure and Munsey in their new book-pub-
lishing ventures, as well as in their magazines,
illustrate the truth of Mr. Steffen's article,
referred to in my last letter; they have jumped
for a vacant field. Munsey goes frankly for the
greatest number, without any pretence of refine-
ment—in fact, with a rather aggressive declara-
tion that he does not want to be coloured by any
literary tastes. The McClure Company, on the
other hand, are trying to give the people as much
literary quality as they can without reducing
their sales. At the other end of the gamut in
periodical literature stands the Atlantic Monthly,
which, in its last number, celebrated its fortieth
anniversary, and declared that it should stand
hereafter, as it has stood in the past, for literature
pure and simple, and no considerations would
turn it from that path.
The new venture in England, Literature, is
looked upon with much interest here, but the
business man's point of view—that is the point
of view of the practical publisher or business
manager—is that the magazine is entering a field
in which in this country the Nation is impregnable.
The Nation, which stands as high here as
anything of the kind could, not only treats
literature in much the indiscriminating and
severe way which Mr. Traill promises, but has
the additional appeal of political interest: yet its
circulation is less than ten thousand, mainly in
the colleges, libraries, and clubs. There could
not be a more distinct issue than that which is
presented to-day between the temptation to this
kind of success and those larger possibilities
which lie in an appeal to the common people. It
is by no means true that the most cultivated
persons are all on the side of the exclusive and
severe kind of criticism. One reviewer in New
York, of very high standing as a professor of
English, has recently sarcastically dismissed the
Atlantic Monthly from very serious considera-
tion, on the ground that literature was so much
smaller than life. He much prefers Harper's and
the Century and Scribncr's, which aim at the
heart of the Philistine. It seems to me, however,
that the representative quality of these publica-
tions is lacking in vital interest. If you are
going to mirror the interests of the people in-
discriminately, a daily newspaper is a more
faithful engine, and I for one do not see what
the magazine of 300,000 circulation is worth as a
half-way step between the newspaper and real
literature.
Mr. Bret Harte in an article this month makes
a point which might seem in conflict with this
position, but of course is not; for to put into real
literary form what should have a strong and
lasting interest for the simple man is an entirely
different matter, and one of the highest objects
that a writer can aim at. Mr. Harte says: "We
may wish him to know of what our hero is
thinking—he only cares for what he is doing; we
may—more fatal error !—wish him to know of
what we are thinking—and he calmly skips! We
may scatter the flowers of our fancy in his way;
like the old fox hunter in the story, he only hates
'them stinkin' vi'lets' that lead him off the
scent we have started. Action! Movement! He
only seeks these, until the climax is 'run down,'"
The Saturday Berieic,s attack on Bret Harte, in
which he was charged with carelessness and
insincerity, opens an interesting question which
is far from decided; but whether Mr. Harte has
reached the end of his gamut or not, he has left
American literature something that few writers of
his generation can equal.
The most popular books during the last
summer have in them some rather interest-
ing facts. It will be seen that the Am>-rican
literary jingo has some reason for satisfac-
tion, as American books occupy so much larger
place than those of any other country. The
old wail about the English novelist having two
fields and the American novelist only one has been
raised again, the writer saying that Mark Twain,
Mary Wilkins, and Bret Harte, with perhaps two
or three others, are the only Americans known in
England; but the demand for fiction about local
subjects is so strong here now, that if any writer
does not get a good circulation for a story, it
simply means that he has not been equal to the
thousand untaken opportunities offered by the
present American conditions. This writer, by
the way, says that the royalties in this country
average from ten to twenty per cent.
The assets of the firm of Stone and Kimball are
in the hands of the sheriff. It should be noticed
that this firm is really Mr. Kimball's, Mr. Stone
having set up his own firm of H. S. Stone and
Co. in Chicago some time ago, and being
extremely solvent.
The question about the importation of books
which has been raised here is set at rest by the
following official answer from Washington to a
private letter: "In reply to your letter of the
27th inst., I have to state that a book printed in
a foreign language, with the exception of the
title-page and the preface, is not exempt from
duty, such book not being printed exclusively in
a language other than English, as prescribed in
paragraph 502 of the Act of July 24, 1897."
Norman Hapqood.
## p. 150 (#576) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
NOTES AND NEWS.
ATTENTION is very earnestly invited to the
report of the sub-committee appointed to
consider the question of educational
publications. Headers are especially entreated
to place their report in the nands of educa-
tional writers, and the latter are urged to
place themselves in the hands of the secre-
tary, and to submit to him a statement of
their own agreements and their results. The
report has been prepared after a long and careful
investigation into all the facts that could be
obtained. The committee will be very grateful
for any additional information. This branch of
literature is, from a business point of view, the
most important of any. It rests with educational
writers themselves whether they will follow up
the lines of action indicated in the report. They
may reckon upon every assistance possible from
the committee. .
The first number—by this time, the second
number—of Literature is in everybody's hands,
and is under discussion everywhere among those
who write and those who read. The importance,
to the former class, of a paper wholly devoted
to literature and t-qual to its responsibility
cannot be overrated, while to the greater class
of those who read, such a paper ought to prove of
inestimable value as a guide and counsellor.
There is a third class: those who write reviews.
For this class, which contains a great number of
persons absolutely incompetent to write, criticism
simply means not even a question of liking a book
or not, but a chance of saying something smart.
They know no canons: they have no standards:
they are ignorant of the subject on which they
write: a few of them are absolutely untruthful. If,
for instance, one of the latter tribe reads these
lines, he will be impelled to sit down and say that I
call all reviewers ignorant and incompetent. That
is the kind of falsehood which he always delights to
write down. I am in hopes that this new paper,
which has time to prepare its judgments, and
can confide the work to competent hands, will act
as a model and a standard, and will put a stop to
some at least of the slipshod, spiteful and inaccu-
rate stuff which we have to read in some papers.
A leading article—the first by Mr. Augustine
Birrell—on some literary subject: reviews and
criticisms: a poem—this time by Mr. Rudyard
Kipling: and the bibliography of some subject:
this is the table of contents of Literature. For
my own part, I am sorry to see no space devoted
to correspondence. I am always of opinion that
correspondence is a most important part of
English journalism. In America there is little or
none. By means of correspondence the world hears
the opinion of specialists: the writers on the staff
have the subject presented to them from every
point of view: the judgment of the paper is
deferred until it has been so presented: the paper
is kept in touch with its readers. Where there is
no correspondence, there must be authority: if
there is no authority, the paper is naught. The
old Saturday Review, for instance, had no corre-
spondence. Its influence, therefore, was measured
by the authority it commanded: the belief in the
wisdom of an anonymous staff. Great as that
authority at one time undoubtedly was, the paper
never got the same hold of its readers as the
Spectator with its columns of correspondence.
It is from the letters in the Times—letters on all
possible subjects, letters written by the greatest
authorities and specialists—that its readers are
mostly instructed; and, of course, the same thing
must be said of other papers.
Literature may do well as an anonymous, in-
dependent organ, with an amount of authority,
like that of the Saturday, measured by the
general belief in the capacity and the integrity of
the staff. On the other hand, the interests of
literature are many: opinions vary on all kinds of
points: will the paper be silent on these points?
Consider the variety of topics always coming
before our own paper, which takes charge of one
side of literature only—what certain interested
persons call the sordid side. There are the group
of questions connected with copyright: trans-
lation: magazines: play writing: novel writing:
education: lectures: the various methods of pub-
lishing: what is meant by royalties: the tricks
and traps of the crafty: how to meet the tricks,
and avoid the traps—one could go on for columns.
If so much has to be said on the business side of
literature, there will be as much on the purely
literary side. For instance, there are the relations
of editor and author: these want a great deal
more examination and discussion than they have
received. That is only one point. The rela-
tions of literature to the public libraries: the
distribution and dissemination of books: the
introduction of standards: the share that poetry
ought to take in education and reading—there
are a thousand subjects of the deepest interest.
Let us hope that in time the new paper may take
the lead, with authority, in considering these and
all other questions which affect the welfare of
Literature and her followers.
No anecdote in the Memoir of Tennyson has been more
quoted than Mr. Aubrey de Vere's story of the three
## p. 151 (#577) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
judgments on Bums delivered to himself in the course of
a single day by judges no leBS eminent than Wordsworth,
Tennyson, and Sir Henry Taylor, and their amusing mutual
oontradiotoriness. Tennyson forgave " those stupid things,
Burns's serious pieces," for the sake of the exquisite songs,
perfect as a berry, radiant as a dewdrop. Wordsworth
forgave " those foolish little amatory songs " for the sake of
his " Berious efforts, suoh as ' The Cotter's Saturday Night.'"
To Sir Henry Taylor both songs and serious efforts wero
alike tedious and disagreeable reading. We venture to
suggest that gentlemen like Sir Walter Besant, who are
scandalised because all the reviewers do not agree about a
new book, should ponder the moral of this story. These
three oritios, at all events, were not men who had failed. Why,
indeed, more uniformity should be demanded in literary
oritioism than in philosophy, politios, and religion, one
cannot quite see, especially as questions of taste are
proverbially disputable.
The above paragraph is taken from the St.
James's Gazette of Oct. 23. Surely the conclu-
sion to be drawn is not that drawn by the writer.
He presents us with three critics contradicting
each other. Now, a man may be a very fine poet
and a very bad critic. Of these three, two were
poets of the first rank: one a poet of a much
lower rank. What are the poems of which they
spoke? They are written in one branch of the
many Scottish dialects—I believe I am right in
thinking that the country people of the east of
Scotland speak a tongue that is in many respects
different from that of the west. However, they
are in a dialect of which about 20 per cent, of
the words have to be explained in a footnote
for English readers. Is there any other reason
wanted to account for the fact that three
English readers have arrived at three different
conclusions? If the three readers had taken
the pains to master the language, they would
not have arrived at conclusions so contradic-
tory. I am quite sure that one to whom
the Burns language has been familiar from
childhood reads his verse with a joy and
an appreciation which cannot be felt by one
who has to "look out" the words. That is
the true moral of the story. The writer says that
"these three critics, at all events, were not men
who had failed." The true critic, the man who
brings to his work learning, reading, and canons
of criticism; who is quick to appreciate; slow to
depreciate; and abhors the criticaster's tricks, is
never a man who has failed. Quite the contrary:
he is a man who has succeeded. Again, true
criticism is not a question of taste. And it is
impossible—perfectly impossible—for a book to
be charged by two critics with possessing qualities
absolutely opposite. And the chief reason why
criticism is so bad, and judgments so irreconcil-
able, is that criticism is regarded as a " question
of taste." It is very much to be desired that one
of the very few living masters of criticism would
VOL VIII.
give the world such a treatise on the subject as
would convince some of the young gentlemen who
tackle literature with so light a heart that there is
very much more in the "Gay Science" than the
question of how they like a book—or the author.
One reason why I welcome the new venture is the
hope that Literature will become an example and
a model of what modern criticism should be. And
I beg the above-named young gentlemen to
resist the temptation—I own it is strong—to
abuse me for saying that there is no criticism in
our papers. Because that would not be true.
The real critic, one must add, is careful not to
misrepresent, not to overstate, never to set
down, in a word, a thing which is not true.
I should like to call attention to what seems to
me a new dodge, and one that ought to be put
down at the outset. An unknown person sends
to a man or woman of letters a request for an
answer to some question—it matters not of
what nature, frivolous or ostensibly serious.
He requests that the answer mav be written on
an inclosed card and forwarded to him The
question is always something in general terms,
on the face of it made up for the purpose, and
evidently invented to cover the dodge of getting
a large number of signed opinions out of
persons more or less popular for some private
purpose of the writer. I believe in some cases
it means only autographs which may be after-
wards sold; in other cases it means an album of
opinions which may afterwards be sold. In some
cases it may mean only a collection of opinions
or autographs for private use. I venture to
recommend that recipients of these documents
put them at once, and without replying, into the
wastepaper basket.
The bookstalls along the quays of France—
the quays of the "other" side, are going to be
swept away, This is very sad. How many
delightful mornings and afternoons have we all
spent among those boxes where the books were
laid out to catch the eye of the purchaser! How
many retired professors, dilapidated scholars, and
eager book-hunters will lose the principal occu-
pation of their lives! Where will they go, the
secondhand—the third and fourth hand—book-
sellers? I fear we cannot invite them over here,
otherwise the Thames Embankment cries aloud
for the booksellers' boxes, but so far cries in
vain. oio
There seems to be a feeling in the minds of
many that they ought to put on a show of indig-
nation at what is called selling literature by the
thousand words. The imagination is called upon
p
## p. 152 (#578) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
to create the effigies of an author counting his
words and running up the value by the introduc-
tion of a thousand words here and a thousand
there. It is all part, they mournfully declare, of
the spirit of sordid greed which has seized upon
writers of all kinds, and especially writers of
fiction. The indignation iB entirely wasted, for
the simple reason that it is the publisher or the
editor who speaks of MSS. as of so many thousand
words, not the author at all, unless it is put to
him in that way. The question of length is
always, and must always be, of very great impor-
tance to publisher or editor. In the case of a
book the main thing to find out before a pub-
lisher finally decides to bring it out, is the length
it will make. He used to measure the length by
sheets, and now, in some cases at least, he
measures it by the thousand words. In the case
of an article for a magazine, it is still more neces-
sary to ascertain the length, because a magazine
can only afford so many pages for the paper.
Now, many writers, unpractised writers, have no
knowledge at all of the connection between
printed sheets and written sheets. It is, however
perfectly easy for anyone to understand that his
page of writing makes so many words, and that
there are so many words in a page of the maga-
zine. So that there is nothing sordid at all
about an author counting his words, but, on the
contrary, the action is necessary and a part of the
business of literary work. Do the indignant
moralists mean that a writer is to set down his
thoughts, or to spin his story, without the least
reference to the form in which it is to appear?
But there is another side to the question. The
writer is paid, they say, by the thousand words.
Formerly he was paid by the sheet, and in the
last century a guinea a sheet was the common
rate of pay. Twenty years ago he was paid by
the page—generally a pound a page; he is still
paid by the page by some of the magazines, by
others he is paid by the thousand words. I can-
not, for the life of me, understand what it
matters. For instance, I was invited some time
ago to contribute to the pages of the Illustrated
London News a story which should run three
months. The editor meant, and he knew that I
meant, written instalments, each varying in
length from 6000 to 7000 words. He was not
going to count the words, nor was I, because I
knew very well how many pages of my writing,
more or less, without actual counting, would be
wanted. I mean that I was allowed just so
much space, more or less, as would not reduce me
to the necessity of counting. Another personal
experience. I was invited to write a story by
another editor, who said, simply, "I want it about
so many thousand words." Again, he is not
going to count the words, nor am I. Now, I ask
what difference it makes whether, as in the one
case, the editor wants so many instalments, and
says so: or whether, as in the other case, the
editor wants so many thousand words, and says
so. Oh! but it is sordid to sell by the space.
Is it? Then it is sordid for a barrister to take
a larger fee for a long case than a short case.
It is sordid for a doctor to charge by the visit.
It is sordid i to be paid by the column: by the
page: by the sheet. It is sordid, in fact, to be
paid at all. And this old assumption is at the
bottom of the whole talk. It is sordid to be paid
at all. _____
This silly prejudice is a survival of the old
feeling that it does not become a gentleman to
take money for anything except rents first, and
official salary next. Lord Lyttelton inarches into
Dodsley's shop and presents him with his "Life
of Henry II." Horace Walpole despises the
author who is paid. Lord Byron, at first, is
ashamed of taking money. Therefore we are
to be ashamed of taking money, though we live
by our pens: we are to talk about sordidness of
authors' gains, while we grab at every farthing
we can get. There was a pretence, formerly, that
every lady drove out to a dinner party in her
own carriage: nobody owned to a cab. There was
formerly a pretence that no gentleman could carry
anything in his hand: nobody would own to
not having a man servant. There was formerly a
pretence that it was degrading to write for the
press: nobody would own to such a practice.
These pretences are gone off to the distaut past:
they are almost invisible. Is it not time to leave
off talking about the sordidness of looking after
our own affairs? To be sure the prejudice
has so far retreated that it lingers now almost
altogether among those whose affairs are not
worth looking after. There is no one so keen
to the necessity of preserving literature from
any taint of commercialism as those who by no
possible efforts of their own can bring their
writings within the domain of commerciahsm.
Some months ago I called attention in these
columns to a very dastardly outrage committed
upon Mr. Robert Sherard. Some person unknown,
he complained, had been amusing himself with
writing letters in his name, that is to say, pre-
tending to be signed by him, to editors and pro-
prietors of papers, abusing and threatening
violence. This annoyance ceased for a time, and
has again commenced. The manager of a certain
## p. 153 (#579) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
newspaper syndicate has written to Mr. Sherard
expostulating with him on a letter " from him"
addressed to editors of papers in the North of
England, and the editor of the Referee has
received a letter signed "Robert Sherard"
threatening to horsewhip him. The only way to
meet a practice such as the above is a warning
advertised extensively, with the offer of a reward.
The poet who flatters himself that he has erected
a monument more lasting than brass, may be
reminded that his monument is made of paper,
and that the paper now used is warranted to
crumble to dust within a certain very limited
period. The authority for this terrible warning
is Mr. MacAlister, the hon. secretary of the
Library Association, who curdled the blood
of his hearers at the meeting of Oct. 20 by this
fearful announcement. The paper used by the
publishers and proprietors of the journals of
to-day is made chiefly of sawdust: dust it is,
and unto dust it will return. Imagine the whole
of the Victorian literature vanishing, say, in
five or ten years' time! Picture the despair of
the immortal bard who sees, in his own lifetime,
the destruction of his immortality! Think of the
Keeper of Printed Books, when he discovers that
the miles upon miles of Victorian books have all
become, like the dolls, stuffed with nothing but
sawdust: the life and spirit and breath of them
gone! Nothing left but the bindings, and these
in a condition so dilapidated as to have even
their titles illegible. Where, then, will be the
name and fame of our poets, essayists, and
novelists? Who will be able to give reasons for
his admiration of Tennyson or his worship of
Browning? Mr. MacAlister says that he has
written to the leading publishers, and that " most
of them had frankly acknowledged that the paper
used would not last, but complained that the modern
craze for cheap, but at the same time highly-
finished, papers was to blame." This is a grave
charge, but it does not appear who the persons
are who are affected by the craze. Certainly not
the public, because they do not get their books any
cheaper: the tendency is in the opposite direction.
Certainly not the authors, who cannot desire to
witness the reduction of their works to sawdust.
There remain the publishers, who are thus
accused of so great a craze for producing cheaply,
that they put forth shoddy wares for sale which
will only last a few years. Had anybody in this
Society brought such a charge against publishers
there would have been an outcry. Publishers, we
should have been told, are beyond all suspicion
of desiring to produce cheaply. Since the charge
is brought by "leading publishers" we can only
recommend it to the consideration of the Pub-
lishers' Association. It will, no doubt, be re-
ferred to a sub-committee for inquiry, and mag-
nanimity in the matter of paper will be insisted
upon. Meantime Mr. MacAlister proposed the
following resolution:—
"(1) That the Copyright Act should be
amended by the addition of a clause stipulating
that books sent to the copyright libraries should
be printed upon a paper of approved specifica-
tion. (2) That the libraries of the country
should notify publishers that they would not in
future purchase books unless the paper used
came up to a certain normal standard. (3) That
a committee should be appointed to consider the
whole question, and to take such action as
seemed to them most desirable."
On this subject a good many suggestions occur.
Thus, a first edition, or the whole demand for a
twelvemonth or for five years, might be printed
on paper certain to return to its original sawdust
within a certain period—say, ten years. If any
demand exists for the book after five years, then
a new edition would be issued on durable paper.
In this way the "crazed" publisher would be
able to gratify his yearning after cheap produc-
tion; the people who buy the book and never
wish to read it again would be happy in feeling
that it was sure to become extinct of its
own accord, when its place on their shelves
could be swept up; and the poet who saw him-
self doomed to popular oblivion, just as much as
if he had been a cheesemonger, would console
himself by remembering that his rivals, the bad
poets, would, like him, be plunged in Lethe.
Charming verses will be written on tho Common
Lot. How many books, do you think, survive
the first five years? Look at the lists in the
Athenmum of twenty years ago. Five years is a
very long life, far beyond the average; a book
which could put in a claim for durable paper
would bo a veteran, tried and proved, a popular
favourite—good for another ten years, perhaps
for twenty, even for fifty.
The death of Mrs. Katharine Hodges, at the
age of sixty-nine, took place a few days ago at.
Chicago. The name probably conveys very little
meaning to most of our readers. Some, however,
may remember how in one of the " rooms "—or
inclosures—in the Women's Huilding at the
Chicago Exhibition, Mrs. Hodges, an elderly lady,
sat at a table covered with papers, ami welcomed,
all day long, a stream of visitors to whom she
distributed her papers ami told her tide and the
tale of others. Her ease was tho tule of her
treatment by a certain firm, of American pub-
## p. 154 (#580) ############################################
»54
THE AUTHOR.
lishers. I do not know what effect was produced
upon the business of that firm by the disclosures
of Mrs. Hodges, or whether that firm ever
answered her charges: in this country an answer
would have to be forthcoming, or the result would
certainly be damaging to the business of the firm
concerned. However, there is no doubt that
many thousands of visitors left the Exhibition
with the belief that Mrs. Hodges was a greatly
injured person. After this courageous act, which
took up her whole time while the Exhibition
remained open, Mrs. Hodges founded an asso-
ciation, called the American Authors' Protective
Publishing Company. This company has pub-
lished several works, but I am not able to ascertain
how far it has proved successful in enabling
American writers to do without a publisher.
Mrs. Hodges was the author of several books:
among them, a " History of Colorado," a " History
of New York," "Fifty Years a Queen," and the
"Life of Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher." She was
also a journalist of considerable repute. I first
met her at the Chicago Exhibition, when her
personality greatly impressed me for its earnest-
ness and directness. She was not punishing or
persecuting a publisher; she was maintaining a
principle, the same principle, in fact, that we
ourselves advocate continually: that the commer-
cial side of literature must be governed by the
same rules as obtain in all other kinds of business,
so that to charge as expenditure what has not
been expended is neither more nor less than
common theft, and to trade upon the ignorance
of an author is the part of a horse-coper or a
thimblerigger, and should be considered as such
by all honest people. Nor was she afraid, even
in the States—where to fight a case in court is
even worse, if possible, than it is here—to bring
or defend an action, and to give evidence herself.
She was, in a word, a brave and true and loyal
woman. One who knew her well writes to me:
"She worked to the last, with all her noble
heart, for all that could tend towards helping
writers, especially struggling journalists
While she loved America, she never forgot her
birthplace "—she was born in Kent—" nor her
Queen, as her lost labour bears eloquent witness."
Her "lost labour" was the book called "Fifty
Years a Queen," which, if I remember aright,
provided the subject for one of her circulars.
I have spoken above of the educational sub-
committee. Another sub-committee is now
sitting to consider the question of book-selling
general, and the discount system especially. As
this is a subject which deeply interests all readers
of this journal, I venture to suggest that if any
of them have suggestions to make, or opinions to
offer, or facta to contribute, they should without
any delay communicate with the Secretary. The
most important points are: (i) the probable effect
of raising the price of a 6*. book from 4s. 6d.
to 5*.; (2) the effect of "net " prices instead of
a discount allowance for cash; (3) the expediency
of allowing publishers the complete control of the
whole book trade; (4) the effect of making book-
sellers the mere servants of publishers; and (5)
the interference with free trade.
The following cutting has been sent to me. It
is taken from the Middlesex and Hertfordshire
Notes and Queries :—
Lamb's Neglected Grave.—For long past it has been
my custom to visit, onoe a year, Edmonton Churchyard,
and to view the resting-place of Charles Lamb. The
quotation "lies apart from the great city" is no longer
applicable to Lamb's resting-place, for London has now
orept up to Edmonton and surrounded it; and as for his
grave, only those who know it well can succeed in finding
it, surrounded and overtowered as it is by other graves. Its
condition, when found, is not satisfactory, and something
should be done to put it into, at least, decent order.
A drawing of the grave and the monument
was presented some years ago to the Authors'
Society by Mr. Robert Bateraan, from a sketch
made by himself. It hangs in the Secretary's
office. I do not know how much it would take
to keep the grave in order, but it would surely
be a fitting thing for the Society to undertake
this little tribute of gratitude and affection for
the best loved of all English men of letters. I
would suggest that someone should visit the
place, ascertain what is wanted, and form a little
committee for the purpose of getting a small
fund and carrying out the work. I shall be
very glad to receive any offers of assistance. It
is not, of course, posssible for the Committee to
expend their funds on this object, but, if we can
get up a little committee among the members, we
might submit the scheme to the Committee of the
Society for their approval.
Walter Besant.
THE DIGNITY OP AUTHORSHIP.
THE Spectator (Oct. 16, 1897) has been in-
dulging itself, and pleasing its readers,
with a really good old-fashioned grumble
over the decay of the times, especially with regard
to the "dignity of authorship." Formerly no
author was allowed to put his name to what he
wrote: he was expected to take humbly what-
ever was given him. That gave him dignity,
you see. "Mr. Blackwood," says the writer,
## p. 155 (#581) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
•55
"expressly stated" — expressly is good — that
although he made a principle " of giving prompt
and liberal payment for whatever he published,
he never would hold out money as the induce-
ment to any man of ability to write." The
author had only to accept what was tossed him
with the gratitude which became his professional
dignity. We understand that it is the dignity
of a servant to accept whatever wages the
master may offer. This, however, is now changed:
"the author now employs the publisher." So
low has his dignity sunk that he has now become
an employer. Nay, more, "any of the dozen
well-established novelists can sell his work years
before a line is written. He contracts to furnish
at such a date so many thousand words at so
much per thousand. Nothing is specified as to
the quality." Quite so. Pray, at what period in
history was anything ever said about " quality"
to a " well-established " novelist ?" There must
be so many thousand words, which can be sold to
the world as authentic John Smith." Well—but
if they are authentic, why not? Should they be
sold as " authentic " Dickens when they are John
Smith? People want to read the John Smith
whom they know and love, not auother anony-
mous John Smith whom they do not know or
love.
The writer next laments that a magazine no
longer commands the respect of the public on its
own merits: this surely is not the fault of good
writers, because a magazine entirely written by
good writers would command enormous respect.
The English magazine of the present day is
falling into decay because it is not written
entirely, or for the greater part, by good writers.
Again, " the modern author writes for posterity,
and bitter is his complaint if the editor should
attempt to alter a line of his inspired effusion."
Does the modern author really write for
posterity? Surely, with examples as thick as
autumnal leaves falling all round him, of writers
once popular dropping into rapid oblivion, the
modern author cannot expect immortality.
Anthony Trollope, Lytton, George Eliot, are but
seldom called for at the libraries; even Dickens
and Thackeray are reported to be falling into
neglect: Reade and Wilkie Collins are remem-
bered by two or three books each: and that
•m mortal work — what was it ? — of which so
many hundreds of thousands were circulated
three or four years ago—where is it now?
No. One cannot l)elieve that the modern
author writes for posterity. That he resents an
editor's emendations, is quite another matter. It
is part of the miserable decay of his dignity that
he should not allow anyone to improve him.
"The editor's rule is being rapidly reduced to
one of acceptance or rejection." Not quite. There
are magazines of which this cannot be said—
may we mention the Nineteenth Century, the
Contemporary, the Pall Mall, with some of the
lighter ones whose editors are always planning
and contriving in advance? There are, it is true,
some of which the charge is true, but these are
not the successful magazines. "The only things
which influence popular opinion seriously are the
anonymous journals." Is that really so? Then
what of papers contributed by men who write on
their own subjects? Could the writer seriously
contend that a paper by a great man of science
on his own subject—signed, say, by Professor
Ray Lankester — would command less respect
than an anonymous column in the Spectator?
The writer sums up—the paper should be called
"In Defence of the Anonymous," not "The
Dignity of Authorship " :—" In the real reward of
thought or dialectic vigour in magazine work,
which is the power to influence other minds,
they "—the modern writers—" are far worse off
than were the gentlemen who, with not inferior
talents, consented to sink their own personality
in the collective unity of some organised and
disciplined body of opinion. Free-lances may be
very fine fellows, but it is drilled soldiers who
win battles."
The writer starts on one line and goes off on
another. It is quite true that anonymous
writing in an organ of repute may command
very great authority and influence. The influence
of the Spectator itself is a case in point. But the
drilled soldiers may be good officers. If they
are not only good officers, but known to the out-
side world as such, they will command more
influence by writing signed articles than by
writing anonymously. That seems elementary.
To return to the question of dignity. The
decay of dignity is shown by the use of the new
standard of measurement—words by the thousand
instead of words by the page or words by the
sheet. In the imagination of the writer, the man
of letters is now laboriously counting his words,
putting on a few or taking off a few. This is
pure ignorance. The new standard is in fact a
much more elastic way than the old one, as is
stated elsewhere (p. 152).
The alleged decay of dignity is therefore proved
by the servile meanness of the author, who
refuses any longer to take just what the great
and magnanimous publisher chooses to toss him;
and it is illustrated by the fact that he now
employs the publisher instead of being employed
by him! No wonder we live in a time of general
decadence. Literature will never become great
and grand and noble again till we return to the
arched back and the bending knees.
## p. 156 (#582) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
THE AUTUMN LISTS.
THE following table of new books of the
season has been compiled from the
Publishers' Circular of Oct. 2. The table
includes new editions as well as new books. The
total number is 1941. In the classification fiction
heads the list. It is needless, however, to point
out that a great many under this heading are
merely trifling little tales for children, or for school
presents. Perhaps 120 may be subtracted on this
ground as not being of general interest. When
the new editions have also been subtracted there
will remain about 250 books calling themselves
new novels, and inviting the public to read them.
Of other kinds the large number of classical,
mathematical, scientific, and historical books
mean niainlv educational books.
Of children's books there are 178, but to this
number must be added the stories already
indicated published by the religious societies.
Poetry seems to be slowly advancing—year
after year. We may look forward to a time
when the people will demand poetry as they
now demand fiction.
Essays are in small demand. There are two
or three writers who are favourites in this branch
but reputation for essay writing is extremely
difficult to achieve.
We note, of course, year after year, the in-
creasing number of publishers. There are now
sixty-five on the list. It is beginning, in
fact, to be found out that publishing is about
the best business going. We may expect to
see this list more than doubled in a very short
time.
George Allen
William Andrews
Edward Arnold
B. T. Batsford
George Bell and Sons
Bemrose and Sons
Black, A. and C
Blaokie and Son
Blackwood and Sons
Bliss, Sands, and Co
James Bowden
Burns and Oates
Cambridge University Press
Cassell and Co
W. and B. Chambers
Chapman and Hall
Chatto and Windus
Church Monthly
J. and A. Churchill
Clarendon Press
T. and T. Clark
James Clarke and Co
Cotton Press
J. M. Dent
Gardner, Darton and Co. ..
H. Grevel and Co
Griffith, Farran, Browne
W. Heinemann
Hodder and Stoughton
Home Words
A. D. Innes
Lawrence and Bnllen
Crosby Lockwood and Son
Longmans, Green
Sampson Low, Marston
Mocmillon and Co
John Macqneen
Methaon and Co
National Society
i
heological.
Mathematics.
History and
Biography.
rcbitectnre.
a g
hildron s
Books.
1
1
:ientific.
S.s
ED
oetry.
iction.
oi
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el
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i
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1
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2
20
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1
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16
3
3
1
2
4
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1
2
38
2
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1
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1
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2
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2
4
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1
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27
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4
I
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2
4
54
5
1
6
2
6
1
1
2
1
25
3
1
2
5
1
1
13
7
1
3
11
23
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9
12
13
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92
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1
3
6
1
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27
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9
4
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6
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## p. 157 (#583) ############################################
THE AUTHOR. 157
T. Nelson and Sons
J. C. Nimmo
Ernest Nister
David Nutt
Oliphant, Anderson
S. W. Partridge
C.A. Pearson
G. Philip and Son
G. P. Putnam's Sons ...
George Redway
L. Reeve and Co
Religious Tract Society
Grant Richards
Messrs. Rivington
G. Rontledge and Sons
Walter Scott
Seeley and Co
Service and Paton
Skeffington and Son ...
Smith, Elder, and Co.
S.P.C.K
Swan Sonnenschein ...
W. Thacker and Co. ...
Univ. C. C. Press
T. Fisher Unwin
Ward, Look, and Co. ...
P. Warno and Co
Theological.
Classical.
Mathematics.
Scientific.
History and
Biography.
Architecture.
Letters and
Reminiscences.
Children's
Books.
Literature.
|
Poetry.
Fiction.
oi
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54
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243
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48
1941
THE TENNYSON BIOGRAPHY.*
THE biography of Lord Tennyson was pub-
lished on Oct. 6, the fifth anniversary of
his death. As Tennyson's letters to Arthur
Hallain—" A. H. H." of these volumes—were
destroyed by Hallam's father, the world now gets
practically everything that can be looked for in
respect of the life and letters of the late Poet-
Laureate. Many fragmentary poems are pub-
lished for the first time in the biography. The
work lias had a distinguished reception every-
where, and the Queen—to whom the Memoir is
dedicated with a hitherto unpublished version of
the lines to Her Majesty written in 1851
For, tho' the faults be thick as dust
In vaoant chambers, I can trust.
—has congratulated Lord Tennyson upon the
success of his accomplishment. Personal recol-
lections by Mr. F. T. Palgrave, Jowett, Tyndall,
the Duke of Argyll, Mr. Aubrey de Vere, and
others, are included in the woi'k.
* " Alfred, Lord Tennyson. A Memoir." By his Son
(Hallam, Lord Tennyson). (London: Macmillan and Co.)
The main facts of the late Poet-Laureate's life
are well known; a notice in The Author may
therefore be concerned lather with the rich
anecdotal character of the Memoir.
Tennyson and the Critics.
The reception of his first volume of poems was
so unsympathetic that he was inclined to take up
residence in Jersey or the South of Prance, or
Italy. He was "very sensitive," writes Jowett
of Tennyson, "and had an honest hatred of
being gossiped about. He called the malignant
critics and chatterers 'mosquitoes.' He never
felt any pleasure at praise (except from his
friends), but he felt a great pain at the injustice
of censure." He wrote to James Spedding in
1835 as follows:—" John Heath writes me word
that Mill is going to review me in a new
magazine, to be called the London Review, and
favourably; but it is the last thing I wish for,
and I would that you or some other who may be
friends of Mill would hint as much to him. I do
not wish to be dragged forward again in any
shape before the reading public at present, par-
ticularly on the score of my old poems, most of
## p. 158 (#584) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
which I have so corrected (particularly 'CEnone ')
as to make them much less imperfect, which
you who are a wise man would own if you had
the corrections. I may very possibly send you
these some time." Aid after being persuaded
by Mr. Gladstone to accept the peerage, he was
eager "as soon as possible to get over the dis-
agreeable results of the newspaper comments and
abuse." This side of Tennyson is well illus-
trated by the following anecdote he related about
1883 to Mr. Gladstone :—" I heard of an old lady
the other day to whom all the great men of her
time had written. When Froude's 'Carlyle'
came out, she rushed up to her room, and to an
old chest there wherein she kept their letters, and
flung them into the fire. 'They were written to
me,' she said,' not to the public!' and she set her
chimney on fire, and her children and grand-
children ran in—'The chimney's on fire!'
'Never mind !' she said, and went on burning.
I should hke to raise an altar to that old lady,
and burn incense upon it."
The Author's Notes.
A valuable part of the Memoir is the series of
Tennyson's notes on his poems. "The coming of
Arthur," we are told, " is on the night of the New
Year; when he is wedded 'the world is white
with May'; on a summer night the vision of the
Holy Grail appears; and the 'Last Tournament'
is in 'yellowing autumn-tide.' Guinevere flees
through the mists of autumn, and Arthur's death
takes place at midnight in midwinter." Some of
the other notes are the following :—
"In Memoriam."—It must be remembered that this is
a poem, not an actual biography. It is founded on our
friendship, on the engagement of Arthur 'Hallam to my
sister, on his sudden death at Vienna just before the time
fixed for their marriage, and on his burial at Clevedon
Church. The poem concludes with the marriage of my
youngest sister, Cecilia. It was meant to be a kind of
"Divina Commedia," ending with happiness. The sections
were written at many different plaoes, and as the phases of
our intercourse came to memory and suggested them. I
did not write them with any view of weaving them into a
whole, or for publication, until I found that I had written bo
many. The different moods of sorrow as in a drama are
dramatically given, and my conviction that fear, doubts,
and suffering will find answer and relief only through Faith
in a God of Love. "I " is not always the author speaking
of himself, but the voice of the human race speaking
through him. After the death of A. H. H. the divisions of
the poem are made by First Xmas Eve (section xxviii.),
Second Xmas (lxxviii.), Third Xmas Eve (civ. and cv., eto.).
"The Northern Farmer."—Kodon Noel oalls these
two poems "photographs," but they are imaginative. The
first is founded on the dying words of a farm bailiff, as
reported to me by a great-unole of mine when verging upon
eighty — " God A'mighty little knows what He's about,
a'taking me. An' Squire will be so mad an' all." I conjec-
tured the man from that one saying.
The "Farmer, new style" (in " The Holy Grail " volume),
is likewise founded on a bingle sentence, "When I canters
my 'erse along the ramper (highway) I 'ears proputty, pro-
putty, proputty." I had been told that a rich farmer in our
neighbourhood was in the habit of saying this. I never
saw the man, and know no more of him. It was also
reported of the wife of this worthy that, when she entered
the mile A manger of a sea bathing plaee, she slapt her
pockets and said, "When I married I brought him .£5000 on
each shoulder."
Here is a specimen of his studies for his finished
work :—
(Babbicombe.) Like serpent coils upon the deep.
(Torquay.) As the little thrift
Trembles in perilous plaoes o'er the deep.
(From the Old Bed Sandstone.)
As a stony spring
Blocks its own issue (tho' it makes a
fresh one of oourse).
(Fowey.) A cow drinking from a trough on the hillside.
The netted beams of light played on the
wrinkles of her throat.
No Biography in "Locksley Hall."
Replying to the writer of a book who had
assumed that "Locksley Hall" was autobio-
graphical, Tennyson said :—" I must object, and
strongly, to the statement in your preface that /
am the hero in either poem. I never had a cousin
Henry; 'Locksley Hall' is an entirely imagina-
tive edifice. My grandsons are little boys. T am
not even white-headed; I never had a grey hair
in my head. The whole thing is a dramatic im-
personation, but I find in almost all modern
criticism this absurd tendency to personalities.
Some of my thought may come out in the poem,
but am I therefore the hero. There is not one
touch of biography in it from beginning to
end."
Jowett on Tennyson.
Carlyle described Tennyson as "one of the
finest looking men in the world." "I do not.
meet in these late decades such company over a
pipe!" Here is his picture by the late Master
of Balliol:—" He was a magnificent man, who
stood before you in his native refinement and
strength. The unconventionality of his manners
was in keeping with the originality of his figure.
He would sometimes say nothing, or a word or
two only, to the stranger who approached him
out of shyness. He would sometimes come into
the drawing-room reading a book. At other
times, especially to ladies, he was singularly
gracious and benevolent. . . . His repertory
of stories was perfectly inexhaustible. . . .
In the commonest conversation he showed himself
a man of genius."
Froude's Tribute.
Of his happy married life ("The peace of
God came into my life before the alter when
I married her," he said); of his correspondence
with the Queen; of his'intimacy with Browning,
## p. 159 (#585) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
i59
Thackeray, Dickens, Douglas Jerrold, Coventry
Patinore, Edward Fitzgerald, William Allingham,
George Eliot, with Bossetti and William Morris,
and of many other relationships; of his admira-
tion of Scott as having the finest imagination
since Shakespeare; of his belief in the genius of
Burns—his visit to Alloway Kirk, he owned, was
the most treasured incident of an early journey
through Scotland; and of his intense love for
Shakespeare—of all these the volumes contain
record. We may take leave of the biography
here with quoting a letter written by the late Mr.
J. A. Froude to the present Lord Tennyson:
I owe to your father the first serious reflections upon life
and the nature of it which have followed me for more than
fifty years. The same voice speaks to me now as I come
near ray own end, from beyond the bar. Of the early
poem°, " Love and Death " had the deepest effect upon me.
The same thought is in the last lines of the last poems which
we shall ever have from him.
Your father, in my estimate, stands, and will stand, far
away by the side of Shakespeare above all other English
poetB, with this relative superiority even to Shakespeare,
that he speaks the thoughts and speaks to the perplexities
and misgivings of his own age.
lie was born at the fit time, before the world had grown
inflated with the vanity of Progress, and there was still an
atmosphere in which such a soul oould grow. There will be
110 such others for many a long age.
THE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION - PRESIDEN-
TIAL ADDRESS.
(Pro-a the Timet of Oct. 21.)
THE Library Association, which was founded
in 1877, began on the 20th Oct. its
twentieth annual meeting in the rooms of
the Society of Arts. The retiring president is
Mr. Alderman Harry Rawson, and his successor
in the chair is Mr. Henry Richard Tedder, of the
Athenaeum Club. There were present Dr.
Garnett, Keeper of Printed Books, British
Museum, who introduced the new president to
the meeting; Mr. J. Y. W. MacAlister, the hon.
sec.; Mr. Douthwaite, of Gray's-inn; Mr. Charles
Welch, of the Guildhall Library; Mr. Sidney
Webb, Mr. Cyril Davenport, of the British
Museum, and many others.
Twenty Years' Progress.
In the course of his address the President,
after a brief reference to the great conference
which took place in July last, said that he
rejoiced to see present of the twenty-two
members of the committee which organised the
conference of 1877, Dr. Garnett, Mr. Douthwaite,
and Mr. Wheatley. Of the others he was sorry
to say only five remained. At the commence-
ment the association professed that "its main
object shall be to unite all persons engaged or
interested in library work for the purpose of pro-
moting the best possible administration of exist-
ing libraries and the formation of new libraries
where desirable. It shall also aim at the
encouragement of bibliographical research."
Before 1877 the British and American librarian
had no means of exchanging experience with his
fellows—no journal, no organisation. Among
their publications were the handsome volumes of
reports of their earlier meetings. Many
regretted their disappearance. Their first
attempt in the way of a journal was Monthly
Notes, a modest and in many respects an
adequate organ. Then came the more spacious
pages of the Library Chronicle, edited by E. C.
Thomas, a name ever to be remembered with
affectionate regret. This was followed by the
Library, for which they were indebted to Mr.
MacAlister. The "Year Book" was a useful
work, which at least ought to keep to its name.
The "Library Association Series" contained
some extremely helpful little treitises, which
were not yet superseded by more ambitious
attempts. As to growth in numbers, they began
with a roll of 140; it was now about 550.
Librarians were upon the eve of a great
alteration in their position. They hoped shortly
to be recognised by the State as belonging to one
of the organised and professional classes. The
council's report told them that a charter of
incorporation would probably soon be granted by
the Privy Council. In 1877 their roll included
217 names. In July last they numbered about
600 members, about seventy or eighty of whom
came from America. Others were present from
France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, and Japan.
He congratulated the association on the twenty-
first number of the Library Journal, and among
other publications of interest and importance to
them were the catalogue of the "Bibliotheque
Nationale," two volumes of Dr. Garnett's series;
Mr. Ogle's and Mr. Burgoyne's interesting
volumes, Mr. Pollard's "Bibliographia," and
the British Museum catalogue of Shakespeare
literature.
Private Book-Collecting.
As to modern private book-collecting, as he
was addressing lovers of old and curious books
and fine manuscripts, as well as librarians, the
private collector as a factor in the formation
of the public library should not be forgotten.
It was not till the middle of the eighteenth
century that book-collectors thought of prizing
the dramatic and poetic literature of old England.
One of the men who valued Caxtons as litonture
## p. 160 (#586) ############################################
i6o
Ulh AblHOll.
was Stanesby Alchorne (died 1800), whose hooks
were incorporated in Lord Spencer's library in
1813. 'Another was Sir John Fenn, who may be
bracketed with the bibliographers Ames and
Herbert, as a discoverer of old English dramatic
and poetic literature. Next after him came the
Duke of Roxburghe (died 1804), really the first
who attached their due importance to the
innumerable volumes and pamphlets in which
English writers from 1400 to 1630 were lying
neglected. This was the main feature of his col-
lection, which was a very large one (30,000
volumes), and comprised several valuable manu-
scripts of the old Anglo-French romances of the
Round Table, which belonged as much to the
literature of England as to that of France, and
some books more decidedly foreign, including the
famous Boccaccio of 1471. About the same
period Michael Wodhull was collecting the books
of the early presses, while the Rev. Mr. Crofts,
Colonel Stanley, and "Don " Bowie were paying
attention to old Spanish literature. Italian
books had been for more than two centuries a
favourite secondary pursuit with all English
collectors, and it still maintained its vogue.
William Roscoe kept up the tradition in a more
special form, and it was not until the middle of
the present century, or a little later, that Italian
books began to decline in interest. The great Lord
Spencer came into the field in the last decade of the
eighteenth century, and spent over forty years in
the accumulation of his marvellous library.
The late Lord Ashburnham was of similar type,
but his interest in books comprised a wider circle.
The earliest traces of intellectual exercise were
sought in MSS., the more ancient the more
esteemed, while Morris cared little for MSS.,
except as examples of ornamental art during the
twelfth to the fourteenth century. Lord Ash-
burnham prized them for their contents, and,
being also keenly alive to beauty, did not limit
his appreciation of decorative MSS. to any par-
ticular period. It was a remarkable test of his
shrewdness and knowledge that he bought for
£8000, over the heads of the British Museum
authorities, the Stowe MSS., which the present
earl a few years ago sold to the English Govern-
ment for ,£45,000. The first of the great modern
book sales was that of the library of Henry
Perkins, dispersed in 1873, which was formed
between 1820 and 1840. It consisted of only 865
numbers, but realised =£26,000. It included two
copies of the Mazarine Bible—one (,£2680) on
paper, now in the Huth Library, one (.£3400) on
vellum, at one time in Lord Ashburnham's
possession. Sir William Tite's library was large
(about 15,000 volumes), and brought ,£20,000,
and the sale was the second of the great modern
book auctions, that is, of those in which a marked
change in the prices of books began. It was
formed bet ween 1835 and 1865, and was sold in
1874. It contained rare books which had passed
through the Roxburghe, George Daniel, and other
sales, Shakespeare quartos, English Bibles, in-
cluding a Tyndall's "Pentateuch" of 1530-31, a
blockbook " Apocalypse," and some Caxtons. The
Beckford collection, of which the final sale took
place thirteen years ago, was even then a marvel-
lous gathering of books in all departments, except
the purely English. The Duke of Hamilton's
library, so far as printed books were concerned,
was somewhat in the style of Beckford's-—general
in character, but dashed with a by no means too
prominent Scottish tinge. It was in the main
gathered between 1780 and i860. The most
striking books were the 1481 "Dante," with all
the engravings, and the copy of Boyce's "Scottish
History," printed on vellum for James V. The
MSS. were, however, of matchless excellence, and
unfortunately for the greater part secured by the
Berlin Royal Museum. Amongst them were
the celebrated "Dante" drawings by Botti-
celli, and some glorious Italian illuminated
works of the period of 1490-1510, besides
a number of rare volumes from Burgundian
and Rhenish monasteries in the eighth and
ninth centuries, There was also the superbest
volume of "Latin Gospels," written on purple
vellum in letters of gold, in the eighth century,
which had belonged to Henry VIII., but this
came back to England in 1887 with several other
MSS., which the Berlin authorities unwillingly
sold to make up the purchase money of the whole
collection. It is now in America. He next
referred to the Thorold and the Osterly collec-
tions. The late Earl of Crawford achieved the rare
distinction of creating a library perfect in balance
and completeness, representative of all branches
of literature, art, and science, including the most
modern books, as well as the finest examples of
early typography and priceless MSS. in all
languages and of all periods.
The Librarian op To-Day.
The first president, Mr. Winter Jones, gave in
his conference address a remarkable general view
of the whole field of librarianship. In twenty
years the subject had become too extensive to be
treated in the same manner, but he would venture
to place before them a certain standard of excel-
lence to which the librarian should aspire. It
was rarely the lot of man to attain even a limited
mastership in any calling, but it was within the
compass of all to follow, even at a distance, in
the footsteps of such a noble example of pro-
fessional ardour and technical excellence as Brad-
## p. 161 (#587) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
shaw bequeathed. No two libraries were exactly
alike. No two University libraries, no two
scientific libraries, no two rate-supported libraries
had precisely the same income, appealed to pre-
cisely the same public, were organised in precisely
the same manner; and the qualifications of their
respective librarians must also vary in as many
ways. But the main qualifications were:—i. A
good general education and a knowledge of
several languages and literatures. 2. Next, pro-
fessional training, kept up by converse with fellow-
workers. 3. The study of bibliography was of
paramount importance, and nothing was more
absurd than to think that it could only concern
rare, old, and curious books. Every printed
volume in a library demanded full and exact
description, and the contents of each book must
be noted for the purpose of classification. 4.
Love of books and reading. To the librarian
reading was a duty, perhaps his first duty. He
was not only the guardian of books, but had a
higher office as a humble apostle of light and
learning. In Milton's stately phrase, they should
be " Enflamed with the study of learning' and the
admiration of virtue; stirred up with high hopes
of living to be brave men and worthy patriots,
dear to God, and famous to all ages."
THE WISDOM OF 1772.
(From "Joineriana," 1772).
To The Author.
WRITE not to the million, but to the under-
standing few—so shall praise, in pro-
portion to what you have merited, crown
your endeavour.
Invent not idle tales—more to seduce the heart
than mend the morals. Be well assured your tale
can do no harm, and promises much good.
Write not for hire—that's pitiful, for the most
part swelling vast volumes seldom to any profit
save the bookseller's.
Write not for the sake of applause, but for the
sake of truth.
On Books.
Books, like friends, should bo few and well
chosen.
Books change their fashion, almost as much as
apparel.
There is nothing from which humanity derives
so much honour.
The greatest monuments of men are letters—
they are not only the foundation of all, but they
outlive all other.
Books, to judicious ^compilers, are useful—to
particular arts and professions absolutely neces-
sary, to men of real science, they are tools—but
more are tools to them.
The Bookseller.
He is generally a bad judge of everything—but
his slupidity shines most conspicuously in that
particular branch of knowledge by which he is to
get his bread.
Yet he takes upon him to cater both for the
learned and unlearned, and, by the help of his
bookmaker, provides plentiful messes of literature
of all sorts—olios, fricassee and hashes without
number and without taste.
In other words, he is a cook without a pxlate.
Yet the fate of the living author, in these
abused and hard times, depends much upon the-
caprice of this tasteless confectioner.
On Literary Property.
The property being once conveyed, whole and
entire, from the author, for what is called a
valuable consideration to the bookseller, he, the
said bookseller, has an unquestionable right
thereafter to multiply copies of the same after
any form and manner as to his good liking shall
seem best, for his own particular benefit and
emolument, neither shall any have licence to
utter, vend, print, pirate, abridge, hash, fritter
part or parcel thereof, without the concurrence of
him, the said purchaser. It is become a part of
his freehold—and so I understand it to be
accounted in every country in Europe—the
Imperial, Royal, Ducal, or State privileges
amounting to no less.
He may sell, let; lease, mortgage the whole or
any part thereof; he may convey in trust, give
outright, devise by will. In case of any mis-
fortune to himself, it becomes the property of
his creditors. In the purchase thereof he
hazarded a considerable part of their substance
as well as his own, and it now devolves to them to
make good deficiencies. But it seems it bears no
title, at best an imaginary one.
To the right owner, by purchase, whom it cost
a thousand pounds, it is not worth a thousand
pence; but to the thief, who stole it, knowing it
to be another's property (there being no Law to
hang such thieves) it has been worth far more
than the first purchase.
This appears to be a matter of some moment,
upon several accounts, and, sooner or later, we
hope will be thought an object worthy the atten-
tion of the Legislature.
I need say no more upon this head—much has
been said upon it, within these few years, in the
Courts of Chancery and King's Bench—but
nothing has been effectually done, save that not
## p. 162 (#588) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
only the usual but even enormous fees (too much
in use of late, and advancing every Term) have
been expended.
At present the matter of literary property
scarce amounts to any property at all, and leaves
the case of authors a lamentable case indeed.
For disappoint them of their booksellers and they
are undone. Cry down the only market for
literature, where shall they sell their ware':'
Spoil them of the only patrons which modish
folly and a dissipated age have left, what must
become of them?
They will no longer be able to wait upon
ministers and managers in clean shirts and hose!
Ragged and darned ones they have been contented
to put up with a long while. But you would not,
surely, reduce them once more to the painful
necessity of hawking their histories and singing
their ballads through the streets.
THE HISTORICAL ENGLISH DICTIONARY.
THE Vice-Chancellor of the University of
Oxford, the Rev. Dr. Magrath, Provost of
Queen's, entertained at dinner on Oct. 12,
in the hall of Queen's College, Dr. Murray, Mr.
Henry Bradley, and others who have helped in
the production of the Historical English Dic-
tionary.
Dr. Murray, in reply to the toast of the even-
ing, gave a resumd of the work in which he was
■engaged, quoting the efforts of lexicographers of
centuries ago. It was not until 1857, when Dr.
'Trench read his papers on the deficiencies of the
English dictionaries and recommended the Philo-
logical Society to make an effort to redress them,
that the Dean and Dr. Furnivall and others took
the work in hand; but Hartley Coleridge died
before the letter A was completed. From that
time, through various societies, dictionary work
had gone on, but the interest in it fell off; and
when he joined the Philological Society the move-
ment had almost come to an end. In 1875 he
received an offer for an effort to make a dictionary.
Negotiations followed, and ultimately the Claren-
don Press undertook the present work. New
quotations by the million were sent in from all
parts, and in 1882 began the serious work of
making the dictionary. Three years later he
.gave up his school work and came to Oxford;
and since then, with the help of his assistants
•and contributors, the work had been hastened in
the Scriptorium. One of their most serious
■difficulties was to know what words should be put
in and what should not. With regard to the
■time at which the dictionary would be finished,
he saw it was stated that it would be finished
about the year 1918. By a simple rule of pro-
portion which he had worked out his estimate
was that it would be finished about 1910; and
with the additional strength that the delegates
might perhaps give he saw no reason why it
should not be finished by the year 1908.—Times.
CORRESPONDENCE.
I.—" Literature."
IOBSERVE with great satisfaction that two
important new departures in the conduct of
periodicals will be taken in the newest of
them, "Literature," of which I have just read the
prospectus. They are:
(1) Books sent, but not reviewed, will be at
the disposal of the publishers for two months.
(2) Books if reviewed at all will be reviewed
within not much more than three weeks from
being received.
The first-named is one which I have before now
advocated in The Author, and the example
of " Literature" will, I hope, be followed by other
periodicals. The Athenaeum, to my knowledge,
has at least once returned an expensive unre-
viewed book on the ground that it was "not in
their way," but I believe the almost universal
practice is for the proprietors of periodicals to
sell for their own benefit all books received for
review, whether reviewed or not and whether
expensive or not. Surely this practice should be
checked, if not discontinued. I have heard of
cases in which the books are destroyed, but have
not been able to verify them.
It is also stated in the prospectus of " Litera-
ture " that the price of all books sent for review
will be stated, but I do not gather that it will be
stated in the review itself, as should, I submit, be
universally the case, but is, I believe, done in the
Literary World and Bookman alone. The
mention of the price in the review itself is not only a
great convenience to readers generally—who fre-
quently fail to find the book of their choice for the
moment amongst a crowd of advertisements—
but must also greatly assist the sale of a book.
Oct. 12. ^ e J. M. Lelt.
II.—The Effect of Reviews.
Is it a logical conclusion that, because a very
large number of a new work has been taken
immediately on publication, hostile reviews have
not injured the sale, as maintained in The Author
(page 121)? How is it known that twice as
many copies would not have been disposed of if
## p. 163 (#589) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
favourable notices had appeared in the place of
those that were adverse?
And, since people buy the books before they
have made themselves acquainted with their
contents, how can the large sale show the
approval of the public taste? I suppose that a
desire to be able to join in discussions upon the
latest production induces many to buy it, but
who knows how many private purchasers in the
end regret having spent their money and time
over the work so far as their own entertainment
in its perusal is concerned.
Many, perhaps, would prefer that reviewers
should not go further than giving information
about a work, pointing out the author's errors as
to fact, &c. Too often a reviewer uses a book as
a peg on which to hang his own views for public
inspection, whilst he adopts an ex cathedra style
which is not pleasant, nor justified by his own
superior abilities. F. R.
[The above note contains three points. To the
first the answer seems plain. In the case of a
book by an unknown writer it is impossible to say
how the circulation is affected by a hostile review.
In the case of a known writer, when it is found
that in spite of hostility the demand is as great as,
or greater than, that of previous books by the
same writer, the conclusion is, surely, that the
reviewers' opinions have had no weight.
The second point is that people do not buy
books by unknown writers unless they are recom-
mended to do so by their own friends after read-
ing. All the persons who have been consulted on
this point agree that such recommendation is the
chief cause that makes a book to "go."
The third point shows that the writer himself
pays no regard to a critical opinion on any book.
He says that many would prefer a mere "account"
of a book. Well, so far as the public is con-
cerned, that would, perhaps, be quite enough, but
that would not be criticism, and there are still
many who desire not to suppress criticism, but to
lift criticism out of the fields of log-rolling,
personal animosity, and office boy's work into
which it has fallen in some of our organs.—Ed.]
III.—Novelist r. Reviewer.
I have read with considerable interest your
allusion, in the October number of The Autlwr,
to my article on " Novelist v. Reviewer," which
appeared in the August number of the New
Century Review. Will you forgive me for sug-
gesting that your remarks miss entirely the main
point of my argument? You quote a passage in
which I say that " no critic would wilfully defame
a good book," but in your comments on this
you lose sight altogether of that most important
word wilfully. I have, in my article, given
reasons for the proposition advanced, and I still
fail to see how these reasons admit of logical
refutation. In speaking of critics, my article was,
of course, meant to refer to those only who are com-
petent to form an opinion of value upon the works
they criticise. Many criticisms, and more especially
those appearing in local newspapers, are written
not by critics but by reporters, who are obviously
in eVery way unfitted to act in a critical capacity.
I entirely agree with you when you say that
a critic should be a scholar; but I think his
education should be conducted more or less with
a view to that special branch of critical work
which he proposes to undertake. Heaven forbid
that reviews of novels should be written by a
mere scholiast, a man almost invariably pedantic
and ignorant of the world. The cntic should
be essentially broad-minded. One should have
read at least a thousand novels and five hundred
miscellaneous books before beginning to review a
single work of fiction. And the thousand novels
should not be merely skimmed; each should be
read with an eye to its technical construction, its
style, and its psychology.
You attribute to me the assumption that
novelists are the sole traducers of the critics.
This was certainly not my intention. I merely
considered the case of the novelists as being the
most common, and of greatest general interest.
Again, you deny that the attacking force com-
prises those only whose work has failed to win
favourable reviews. But I never asserted that it
was so. I simply remarked that it was from this
class that the attacks "almost invariably 'r
emanated. As a general rule it certainly is the
adversely criticised authors who start the battle,
but others may join in afterwards.
Before closing this letter, I should like to
emphasise one point which, it seems to me, has
attracted less attention than it deserves. It is
that critical notices are in so few instances
written at the best moment for writing them.
I believe it is a very common practice to write a
review immediately after reading the book to be
reviewed This I venture to think is too soon:
one's opinions of a book should have time duly
to allocate themselves, to find their proper level.
Personally, I never—if I can possibly avoid so
doing—review a book on the same day that I
read it, and I never defer the writing of a review
more than three days after reading the book. If
this system be methodically pursued, there need
be no diminution in the amonnt of work accom-
plished, and the result is infinitely more satis-
factory. Finally, may I suggest that the three
great duties of a critic to himself are: to culti-
vate the analytic faculty, to pay great attention
## p. 164 (#590) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
to literary style, and to observe with care all that
goes on in the world around him? It is by
■doing his duty to himself that a critic will best
be able to do his duty to the public.
Cecil J. Mead Allen.
The Cedars, Exeter, Oct. 12.
IV.—Editob and Contributor.
I notice, periodically, in The Author, com-
plaints as to editors retaining for many months
MSS. offered for consideration, and then return-
ing them as unsuitable without a word of apology.
In the October issue "Hard Worker" complains
of this practice. I have not yet seen any letters
referring to the other side of the question, and
as I think we ought to be perfectly fair in our
dealings with the long-suffering editor, perhaps
you will allow me to say that my short experi-
ence has been the direct opposite.
For the past three years I have been bom-
barding editors with MSS., and am not able to
charge any one of them with discourtesy or with
unduly retaining a MS.
Perhaps I may specially refer to To-Day,
Chapman's, and Answers, as being most con-
siderate to a totally unknown writer, returning
MSS. within a few weeks if unsuitable, and
promptly paying for those accepted; so that in
this last important particular my experience does
not coincide with that of " M.," who writes to you
in the same issue, In one case where Answers
had kept a MS. a long while a letter of apology
came with it, and on my mentioning (in my reply)
the length of time it had been kept, a further
letter came with a request that I would send it
back so that it might be made use of.
Of course, I have had numbers of MSS.
refused, that goes without saying; but I do
not expect unreasonable things from such
heavily-burdened fellow creatures as popular
editors must be.
I think, if writers would send in nothing but
type-written matter, and be careful that their
full name and address appeared upon each, and
if stamps were affixed to each article or story
for return if unsuitable, it would make our
unfortunate editors' lives less a burden to them,
and ensure for us more prompt attention. Fancy
having to wade through and decide upon all the
short stories which a popular magazine receives!
_____ Alan Oscar.
V.—Stamps for MSS. going Abroad.
I observe that a correspondent of The Author
wants to know where unused foreign stamps can
be procured for the purpose of prepaying the
postage of MSS. despatched to, and liable to be
returned from, the United States or other distant
lands.
All the big stamp merchants have such stamps
in stock, and they may also be bought at most of
the offices at which foreign money is exchanged.
The window of one such office, close to Charing
Cross Station, is plastered with such stamps.
Francis Gubble.
VI.—The Right op Reply.
A question interesting to authors, critics, and
editors, but especially interesting to editors,
comes on early next month for decision by a
French tribunal. It involves a no less important
matter than the right of reply. M. Dubout, a
dramatic author, recently produced a play which
was not a success. M. Jules Lemaitre, who does
the theatrical criticism for the Revue des Deux
Maudes, explained in that periodical why M.
Dubout's "Fredcgonde" was a failure. The
explanation was unsatisfactory to M. Dubout, and
he claimed the right to reply to it. Now, French
law is somewhat peculiar in the matter of this
right. It gives it to any person whatsoever who,
not having manifestly put himself out of court,
may consider himself disparagingly referred to in
a public print. And, further, it gives such per-
son the right to have his reply inserted in the
print inculpated to the extent of double the num-
ber of lines employed upon the disparagement.
By virtue of this law, M. Dubout claimed the
right of replying to M. Lemaitre, to the fullest
extent, in the Revue. M. Brunetiere, the editor,
refused to insert his reply. Hence, an action at
law. If M. Dubout wins, as he confidently
expects, some very curious complications must
necessarily follow.—Pall Mall Gazette.
BOOE TALE-
MISS BETHAM-EDWARDS has edited
"The Autobiography of Arthur Young,
with Selections from His Correspond-
ence." In this volume, of which Messrs. Smith,
Elder, and Co. are the publishers, many letters of
eminent persons will be given for the first time,
and will, it is expected, be an interesting and
valuable addition to the history of the last forty
years or so of the eighteenth century and the first
twenty of the nineteenth. Two portraits of the
famous traveller and two views will illustrate the
work.
A book on the "British Post Office," written
by a member of the administrative staff, is about
to be published by Messrs. Partridge.
## p. 165 (#591) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
Mr. Edwin Pugh has written " Tony Drum: a
Cockney Boy," for publication by Mr. Heinemann
shortly.
Mr. Wickham Flower, F.S.A., is the author of
a large volume—" Aquitaine: A Traveller's
Tales "—which Messrs. Chapman and Hall will
publish.
Professor Robert K. Douglas has co-operated
with Mrs. L. T. Meade in writing a series of
stories dealing with social life in China. "Under
the Dragon Throne," as the volume is entitled,
will be published by Messrs. Gardner, Darton,
and Co.
Madame Sarah Grand's new novel, "The Beth
Book," is due on Nov. 5.
A volume of tales of the West Highlands, by
the Marquis of Lorne, is announced by Messrs.
Constable, under the title of "Adventures in
Legend." The same firm will publish "The
Pupils of Peter the Great," by Mr. Nisbet Bain.
Mr. Anthony Hope has written a new romance,
"Born in the Purple." It will appear serially,
and a year hence in book form.
Mr. William Le Queux is engaged on a new
story, called " In the Day of Temptation." The
work is to be in Messrs. Tillotson's hands for
serial publication about March.
Mr. A. Cotgreave, librarian of West Ham, is
preparing a contents subject-index of a popular
character to general and periodical literature.
A work on "The Artists and Engravers of
British and American Bookplates," by Mr. H. W.
Fincham, member of council of the Ex-Libris
Society, will be published shortly by Messrs.
Kegan Paul, Trench, and Co. Signed examples
of all periods will illustrate the subject, and some
will be printed from the original copper plates.
The Rev. J. Baly, late Archdeacon of Cal-
cutta, is the author of a philological work which
Messrs. Regan Paul have in preparation, and
which will contain a pedigree of the greater
portion of English words now in use.
"Essays and Reviews in English Literature,"
by the Rev. Duncan C. Tovey, Clark Lecturer
at Trinity College, Cambridge, is to be pub-
lished by Messrs. Bell.
A work entitled "Picturesque Dublin, Old
and New," by Frances Gerard, will be published
shortly by Messrs. Hutchinson.
The fund organised by the Neie Age for a
tribute to the memory of the late Mr. James
Ashcroft Noble has been very successful. A
portion of the sum has been used to raise a
memorial stone over the grave in Wandsworth
Cemetery, and the balance is to be devoted to the
education of his children.
Professor J. K. Laughton is editing a volume
entitled "Twelve British Sailors, from Sir
Francis Drake to Lord St. Vincent," which
Messrs. Lawrence and Bullen are to publish.
The contributors will include Sir Frederick
Bedford, Captain Montagu Burrows, Admiral
Markham, Sir Edmund Fremantle, and Admiral
Colomb. For a companion volume dealing with
"Twelve British Soldiers, from Cromwell to
Wellington," Mr. Spencer Wilkinson, who edits
it, has secured as writers Sir Archibald Alison,
General Maurice, Count Gleichen, and other
authorities on military subjects.
The autobiography of Admiral of the Fleet Sir
Henry Keppel, G.C.B., from 1809 to 1897, will
be published shortly", in two volumes, by Messrs.
Bentley, with illustrations by the late Sir Oswald
Brierly, marine painter to Her Majesty.
The long-expected biography of Cardinal Wise-
man, by Mr. Wilfrid Ward, will be ready shortly.
Mr. Oswald John Simon is preparing a memoir
of his father, the late Sir John Simon, serjeant-
at-law, formerly M.P. for Dewsbury, who had
interesting correspondence with eminent law-
yers and statesmen, and took an active share in
Jewish affairs.
The Earl of Camperdown is writing a Life of
Admiral Viscount Duncan, which Messrs. Long-
mans, Green, and Co. will publish early in 1898.
Mrs. Arthur Bell has prepared a memoir of
Gainsborough, for which an effort has been made
to trace many specimens of his work hitherto
unknown. Gainsborough seldom signed his work.
The book will be published by Messrs. Bell.
A companion volume to "London City
Churches " will be " London Riverside Churches,"
written by Mr. A. E. Daniell and illustrated by
Mr. Alexander Ansted, which Messrs. Constable
are to publish.
Mr. Gerald Duckworth is about to terminate
his connection with Messrs. J. M. Dent and Co.,
in order to set up, in company with a friend, as a
publisher on his own account, under the style of
Duckworth and Co.
Messrs. Macmillan and Co. (Limited) have
removed from Bedford-street to new premises in
St. Martin's-street, W.C. (leading out of Leicester-
square) .
Miss Beatrice Harraden's "Echoes of Olden
Days " is in the press for issue by Messrs. Black-
wood in time for the children's Christmas season.
The illustrations are by H. R. Millar.
## p. 166 (#592) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
Mr. H. B. Irving has written a study of Ju<lge
Jeffreys. The book will appear after Christmas.
Dr. Emil Reich has written a study of Hungary,
its characteristic literature, and people, which
Messrs. Jarrold and Sons will publish.
In Mr. Cuthbert Hadden's work, "George
Thomson, the Friend of Burns," to be published
by Mr. Nimmo, the author will reveal that at the
time when Thomson sent ,£5 to the poet he had
only <£ioo a year, and was a married man with
a young family. He will also show that Thomson
did see Burns. Letters will be included from
Scott, Hogg, Byron, Moore, Campbell, Beethoven,
and others.
Mr. Christie Murray has written a book
describing his travels in the Colonies and America,
which Messrs. Downey will publish, the title being
"A Cockney Columbus."
Two more volumes of the "Diaries of Sir
Mountstuart Grant-Duff'' are to be published by
Mr. Murray. The period covered is from 1873 to
1881, and they are to contain anecdotes of Tour-
guenieff, Hans Andersen, Renan, Taine, Lord
Melbourne, Disraeli, Mr. Gladstone, Jowett,
Thackeray, Kinglake, Cobden, Bright, Kingsley,
Newman, Gambetta, and other notabilities.
Mr. Harry Furniss has drawn the illustrations
for Miss Davenport Adams's story for the young,
entitled "Miss Secretary Ethel," which will
be published by Messrs. Hurst andBlackett.
The book on etching, by Mr. William Strang
and Dr. Singer, which was announced a long
time ago, is now about to appear, published by
Messrs. Kegan Paul.
Professor Flinders Petrie has seen the final
proofs of his work, " Six Temples at Thebes,"
which Mr. Quaritch is to publish. This includes
the one inscription hitherto found in Egypt
wherein the name of the people of Israel is men-
tioned. Professor Petrie's account of his excava-
tions last spring, under the auspices of the Egypt
Exploration Fund, is now being printed, and will
be called " Deshasheh."
Mr. Ernest Rhys is editing the " Hampstead
Annual," an enterprise which will see the light
this month. Among the contributors are Canon
Ainger, Sir Walter Besant, Mr. Buxton Forman,
Dr. Birkbeck Hill, Mr. H. W. Nevinson, and Mr.
Frederick Wedmore.
Hollandia, a Dutch weekly journal for all
Hollanders abroad, will be published on the 6th
inst. at no, St. Martin's-lane, London, W.C. It
will be conducted by Mr. J. T. Grein.
Chapman's Magazine has hitherto been devoted
entirely to fiction, but future numbers will
contain one or more articles by expert writers on
subjects of immediate social, literary, or general
interest.
'• Philosophy and Psychology," writes a corre-
spondent, "are not represented in the American
list, given in the October number. Let me
remove the reproach, if there is any, by informing
you that Messrs. D. C. Heath and Co. are bringing
out a book by Mr. John Adams on 'The Herbas-
tian Psychology applied to Education.'"
"On London Stones," a novel, by Catherine
March ("Carl Swerdna"), author of "Cruel
Kindred," " A Long Lane," "Snared," " A Year
Between," &c, is announced by Messrs. James
Clarke and Co. One volume. 6s.
"Fidelis, and other Poems," by Mrs. C. M.
Gemmer, has just been published by Messrs.
Archibald Constable and Co. It is a pretty little
book of verse, and we especially recommend the
first poem, after which the book is named.
A valuable prize recently offered by T. Winter
Wood ("Vanguard"), of Paignton, Devon, has
been awarded to W. B. Wallace for a poem on
"Liberty."
A novel by the late Mr. George Augustus Sala
is about to be published by Mr. Unwin. The
story is one of London life, and called " Margaret
Forster."
Mrs. Bird's book on Korea, is to appear from
Mr. Murray this month.
Mr. Fred. J. Whishaw has written " A Tsar's
Gratitude," a story which Messrs. Longmans will
publish.
The Countess of Warwick has edited the report
of conferences and a congress held in connection
with the educational section of the Victorian Era
Exhibition. "Progress in Women's Education in
the British Empire," is the title of the volume,
which Messrs. Longmans will publish.
A correspondent to the Chronicle calls attention
to another change of title. He says "' The
Beetle: A Mystery,' a novel by Mr. R. Marsh
(Skeffington) has previously appeared in Answers
under the title of 'The Peril of Paul Lessing-
ham.'" The correspondent wants to know the
reason.
"The Nurse's Handbook of Cookery," by
E. M. Worsnop, assisted by Miss M. C. Blair, has
just been published by Messrs. A. and C. Black.
By a curious coincidence, the title of Miss Mary
Wilkins' latest novel is the same as one written
by Annabel Gray, called "Jerome," which was
published in 1891 by Messrs. Swan Sonnenschein.
## p. 167 (#593) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
167
Messrs. Hutchinson are preparing to publish
this autumn a novel entitled "For Love of a
Bedouin Maid," by Le Voleur, author of a novel
entitled "By Order of the Brotherhood" (which
had a large sale both here and in the colonies).
The story, which is one of adventure in the days
of the first Napoleon, is illustrated with sixteen
drawings by a rising young Sussex artist, Mr.
Ernest Dyer.
Mr. Ferrar Fenton, author of "St. Paul's
Epistles" and the "New Testament in Current
English," is about to publish, through Mr. Elliot
Stock, of Paternoster-row, " The Book of Job in
English." The peculiarity of this version is that
it claims to be absolutely literal, and yet in the
same metrical verse as the original Hebrew, and
line for line. The sacred poem contains about
two thousand lines.
"John Gilbert, Yeoman," by Richard Gilbert
Soans, is published by Messrs. Frederick Warne
and Co. It is an historical romance of ye times
of Cromwell, the scenes of which are for the most
part laid in beautiful Sussex.
"The Hand of His Brother," by Edith C.
Kenyon, is about to be published by Messrs. Gay
and Bird. Many of the scenes of this novel are
laid in the picturesque neighbourhood of Hastings
—the Lovers' Seat, the old Church at Winchelsea,
Pett Levels, &c.
"Stories from Italy," by G. S. Godkin, is about
to issue from the press of A. C. McClurg and Co.,
of Chicago. This author writes out of the fullness
of a long residence in Italy, and presents Italian
character in a new and intimate light. The
volume contains six or seven stories, different in
action and scene, and yet connected here and
there by the reappearance in the later tales of
characters that had appeared in the earlier.
LITERATURE INTHE PERIODICALS.
The Publisher in Ireland. B. Blake. New Ireland
Recieiv for October.
The Celtic Mind. Sophie Bryant, D.So. Contemporary
for October.
John Dat. Algernon Charles Swinburne. Nineteenth
Century for October.
Latin Verses. Times for Oct. 8. Letter of Major
Alex. B. Tulloch in Times for Oct. 16.
The Harleian Library. J. M. Stone. Blackwood's
for October.
Edmond de Goncourt. Macmillan's Magazine for
October.
A New Academy. Macmillan's Magazinelor November.
Letters of Dr. Holmes to a Classmate. May Blake
Morge. Century Magazine for October.
The Children's Book. Editorial Note in Harper's for
October.
Alfred Lord Tjsnnnyson. By Andrew Lang. Long,
man's Magazine for November. By Stephen Gwynn.
Macmillan's Magazine for November. By William Canton.
Good Words for November. By Leslie Stephen. National
Review for November. By Harold Spender. Fori nightly
Review for November. By Agnes Grace Weld. Contempo-
rary for November.
What of publishing in Ireland? Is it like the
proverbial snakes in Ireland? A writer on the
subject tells us that it is, more or less, only that
there is a great possibility ia it. Edinburgh, and
Glasgow a little, still maintain a fair output for
Scotland, but one does not often come across a
book that has been published in Dublin or
Belfast. While he is about it, the writer in the
New Ire/and Review indulges in a scathing
characterisation of what London—the centre of
the publishing trade of the Kingdom—reads, and
what she does not want to read. "As publishing
is to so great an extent centralised in London,
and is almost exclusively in the hands of Eaglish
firms," he says, " there is a constant paralysing
pressure exercised by trade influence against the
development, even against the survival, of those
peculiarly Irish gifts, to the splendour of which
the literature of the English language owes so
much. Anglo-Saxon readers will have nothing,
we are told, except those slap-dash, tear-away
tales of extravagant incident which are poured
out in such profusion from the London Press;
and in poetry the only quality they value is an
obscurity sufficiently profound to be a good
excuse for not reading it at all." And it is
because such work does not suit Irish litterateurs
■—unless they "mortify their senses"—that
Ireland's opportunity is created! Genuine
Irish books, full of Irish wit and humour,
will find a market, not only among the
Irish in all parts of the British Empire, but
among all the people to whom the modern Anglo-
Saxon literature is oppressive or offensive. But
this Irish literature must issue from Ireland, for,
if published in London, it would inevitably be the
fruit of perpetual compromise, which would
deprive it of all virility. From a material point
of view, England may have evolved a higher
culture than Ireland, but where literature is con-
cerned, says the writer, England cannot even claim
equality. "In taste, fertility of imagination,
humour—in fact, in all the gifts which are needed
for the production of a great literature, Irish
writers infinitely surpass those of England." A
genuinely national literature for Ireland is wanted;
not "a mealy-mouthed temporising literature,
written by men who are afraid to speak out
about those among whom they are obliged to live."
The gifts of the Irish mind, meanwhile—its
adaptability, its expressiveness—are the subject
## p. 168 (#594) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
of a psychological study in the Contemporary by
Dr. Sophie Bryant.
A useful future for M. de Goncourt's new
French Academy is not predicted by the writer in
Macmillati's. Its design to encourage literature
(although it excludes funeeionaries—i.e., civil
servants—and poets) and to make war upon the
Academy, is excellent. But so little does it
encourage literature, that its president (M.
Alphonse Daudet) is a distinguished novelist who
needs no encouragement, while two of its members
are practised journalists, who see the reward of
their work at the week's end. M. Huysmans
alone indisputably deserves his place. The critic
is sarcastic at the expense of both the old and
new institutes. The old—it will never lack
esteem—is a gentlemanly club, which every
Frenchman would be glad to enter, and bored
when once he got there ; the Academic dictionary
is an amiable and foolish pastime : not even forty
angels could purify a language. The new
includes the same elements in a state of less
intensity; it is not to discuss literature,
and will only save itself from boredom if
it takes to collecting Japanese prints. In fact,
genius holds aloof from Academies. To mention
some, Balzac, Dumas, Gautier, Barbey d'Aure-
villy, "could never have been elected to the
Academy, because their talents set them too high
above the decent level of mediocrity which is
essential to a branch of the civil service"—the
Academy being now a conspicuous department of
State. M. de Goncourt's Academy will award
the monthly prize to a mediocre piece of prose—
for ten men at variance with themselves are not
likely to make an admirable choice. They will
quarrel as much as fifty men at their monthly
dinner—men of letters are notoriously quarrel-
some. The only regret is that M. de Goncourt
himself is not here to enjoy the spectacle, because
none was more skilled than he in half-irony.
Above all, the writer concludes, the new Academy
will never profit literature, since literature is too
wayward to be fostered by endowment:
Give a man a thousand pounds and a comfortable house,
and probably he will refrain from that masterpiece which
once was seething in his brain. Moreover, the very power
of election prevents a simple honesty. The unhappy ten
may perhaps discover Borne common ground of sociability,
and shift their judgment from literature to life. But what-
ever their fate they will eat their dinner disdained or for-
gotten by the writers of France. They were ohosen to
found an Academy, and they will never escape from a
collection of coteries.
"Are we to go on ■« ith Latin verses ?"—the
question Mr. Lyttleton's pamphlet puts—is dis-
cussed by a writer in the Times, who thinks that,
on the whole, we are. There is no alternative
classical subject that can take the place of
classical verse-writing, and if the object and
effect of it are such as the supporters of the
present system assert them to be, it cannot be
abolished without injury to classical learning.
As for the schoolboy's ignorance the while, that
may be, but he is sent to school to "learn t o
learn"—to be grounded for the future. The
question is not whether the making of Latin
verses is directly useful and informing, but
whether it is a valuable educational instrument.
The answer is that it is such an instrument.
Spenser, Milton, Addison, Gray, and other
famous men wrote Latin verses. Major Tulloch
is entirely with the writer of the article in sup-
porting a thorough classical education, but
observes that for those entering the military
service modern languages are far more important
than Latin verses.
Is the children's book a useful, a good insti-
tution P The editor of Harper s is among those
who think that books written for children have
done more harm than good. Children recognise
a genuine thing almost as soon as we do, and
they are "turning their backs upon the fictitious
twaddle of little Joe and little Lucy, and the
impossible goody-goody children of recent years."
At the same time the editor makes a distinction
between the literature merely for children, and
that—the Grimm stories and the Andersen stories
—about children. "We and all healthy-minded
children" admire every bit of folk-lore and
every legend that is touched with creative imagi-
nation.
The classmate to whom the few Holmes letters
were addressed is the late Hon. Isaac E. Morse of
New Orleans. The two were at Harvard together,
afterwards met in Paris, and in the later days
became fast friends at home. Holmes's letters
(which could not be found when the "Life " was
being prepared) are in a light, sometimes even
gay tone, and discuss family affairs, the relations
of the South and North, &c. In one case there is
an interesting reply to a request for an opinion of
some poems by Morse. "No one can fail of appre-
ciating the feeling they show," Holmes wrote:
"they have the truth which real sorrow crushes
out of a sensitive and delicate nature, and which
is the stuff that poetry is made of. . . . In
art the lines are deficient, perhaps too much so to
be offered to the surly criticism of the public.
You will find this axiom of mine true, I think:
the more personal and intimate are the feelings
which a poet reveals, the higher art is required
to justify their exposure. . . . They are too
artless, too careless, too much like an extract from
a private letter, to be made common property. I
should not, therefore, recommend their publica-
tion; but I am only one adviser."
## p. 169 (#595) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
169
TWO MEMORIALS.
Felicia Hemans.
ANOTHEE meeting has been held of the
members of the Felicia Hemans Memorial
Committee at Liverpool under the presi-
dency of Mr. Mackenzie Bell. It has been followed
by a letter addressed to the editor of the Liver-
pool Mercury, which we have great pleasure in
producing in these columns, in the hope that the
memorial will be supported by our readers.
(To the Editors of the Liverpool Mercury.)
Gentlemen,—It is gratifying that this city is
at length awakening to the fact of its long neglect
of the claims of Felicia Hemans to adequate local
recognition. We do not forget that Liverpool
has also been the birthplace of other prominent
personages in literature—such as Clouyh, to
name only one. But, nevertheless, it can hardly
be questioned that Time, " the editor of editors,"
to quote a happy phrase of Mr. Alfred H. Miles in
his "Poets and Poetry of theCentury," has awarded
to Felicia Hemans a conspicuous and almost
unique place in letters as an exponent in verse of
simple emotion. Canon Blencowe, in his interest-
ing note read at the meeting of the Memorial
Committee on Fridiiy, rightly characterised her
work as "unambitious "; but he added with
truth, that it "always appeals to our best feel-
ings," and, nowadays, though it is well that we
should lay great stress on technical craftmanship
in verse, it is also well that we should feel grateful
to the poet who has touched our hearts, thus
showing the possession of a gift beyond and, as
we think, higher than any mere craftsmanship,
however excellent. There is much force in the
classical adage, bis dat qui cito tint. The Liver-
pool public have now a good opportunity of show-
ing in a practical way that they believe in it by
subscribing at once to the Felicia Hemans Memo-
rial, and also by giving any suggestions whereby
the claims of a memorial to her can be brought to
the notice of the poet's multitudinous admirers
throughout the English-speaking world.
Mackenzie Bell.
oi_ W. H. PlCTON.
Cjedmon, the Saxon Poet.
This memorial has been undertaken by the
people of Whitby, the place of Csedmon's resi-
dence, if not of his birth. The Eev. H. D.
Rawnsley, one of the promoters of the memorial,
writes a letter to the Daily Chronicle on the
doubt concerning Csedmon's existence. He
adduces as evidence, first, the Venerable Bede,
second, J. R. Green, the historian, and third, Mr.
Stopford Brooke. We should be content with the
evidence of Bede and the translation of his poems
The memorial will consist of an Iona cross
inscribed to the memory of the poet, set up on the
Abbey Hill overlooking the town of Whitby.
(The Editor of the Daily Chronicle.)
Sir,—First let me thank you for your courteous
notice of the meeting which inaugurated the pro-
posed memorial to Csedmon, and then let me say
in answer to your assertion that " there have been
historical sceptics who have expressed doubts as
to whether Csednion ever had a corporate exis-
tence," that we at Whitby are obstinately con-
vinced not only of Csedmon's actual existence,
life work, and death here at St. Hilda's Abbey,
but that we also look upon him as the founder of
English poetry. Untd the Daily Chronicle
disprove the statement of Bede and discredits
such a careful historian as John Richard Green,
or a man of such literary acumen as Stopford
Brooke, we shall go on holding to our faith, and
giving the reason for that faith that is in us.
Bede was seven years old when Csedinon died in
63o, and no one grew to know Northumbrian
history better than Bede. Bede lxad no doubt of
the corporate existence of Csedmon. "There was
in the Abbey of Hilda," says he, "a certain
brother who had an extraordinary gift, and whose
name was Csedmon "; and he continues, " Sweet
and humble was his poetry; no trivial or vain
song came from his lips: others after him strove
to compose religious poems, but none could vie
with him, for he learned the art of poetry, not
from men or of men, but from God."
John Richard Green had no doubt of the cor-
porate existence of Csedmon. "The stern gran-
deur of the spot—Whitby," says he, "blends
fitly with the thought of the poet who broke its
stillness with the first great song that English
singer had wrought, since our fathers came to
Britain." And the historian adds, "The memory
that endears Whitby to us is not that of Hild,
or of the scholars and priests who gathered
round her . . . the name which really throws
glory over Whitby is the name neither of king
nor bishop, but of a cowherd of the house."
Stopford Brooke has no doubt apparently of
the corporate existence of Csedmon. "Csedmon,"'
writes he, "is the first Englisman whose name
we know who wrote poetry in our island of Eng-
land, and the first to embody in verse the new
passions and ideas which Christianity had brought
to England . . . honour from all the English
race, from all the poets, greatest of the English
race, is due to Csedmon's name."
It is something of this honour that the Whitby
people are about to pay, by erecting a beautiful
Iona cross inscribed to Csedmon's memory, upon
## p. 170 (#596) ############################################
170
THE AUTHOR.
the Abbey hill overlooking the town. Such a
memorial will be a recall to the beginnings of our
English literature, and may be an inspiration to
generations who pass up the church steps to the
ruined abbey of St. Hilda.— Yours truly,
H. D. Rawnsley.
4, West-terrace, Whitby, Oct. 25.
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## p. 171 (#597) ############################################
THE AUTHOR.
171
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## p. 172 (#598) ############################################
172
THE AUTHOR.
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