https://historysoa.com/files/original/5/305/1897-07-01-The-Author-8-2.pdf 4d130145a4de9f344300dba917e13311 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Author Subject The topic of the resource The Author Description An account of the resource A digitised run of the Society of Authors' monthly periodical, The Author, 1890–1914, made available together for the first time. Currently users can browse issues and <a href="https://historysoa.com/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Index&collection=&type=&tags=&exhibit=&date_search_term=&submit_search=Search+For+Items&sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CTitle">indices</a> (not available for all volumes). Full text search for all issues, and other additional search functionality, will be added in 2022. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890–1914 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context The-Author-Issues Publication Date The date of an event (in YYYY, YYYY-MM or YYYY-MM-DD format) 1897-07-01 Volume 8 Issue 2 Pages Page range in volume 29–56 Ngram Date Version of the date in YYYYMMDD format for use by the Ngram plugin 18970701 Ngram Text Version of the text with no HTML formatting for use by the Ngram plugin Ube Butbor* (The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.) CONDUCTED BY WALTER BESANT. Vol. VIII.—No. 2.] JULY 1, 1897. [Peicb Sixpence. CONT PAfll General Memoranda 30 From the Committee 81 Literary Property—1. The Berne Convention. 2. The Eight of Criticism. S. Willonghby r. Kegan Paul. 4. The Cost of Pro- duction. 6. The Publishers' Vade Mecum 31 New York Letter. By Norman Hapgood 39 Notes from Elsewhere. By Robert H. Sherard 40 Notes and News. By the Editor 42 The Society as a Publishing Company 44 The Subjunctive Mood. By Howard Collins. 46 Disillusion. ByH. G.K « ENTS. PASS Book Talk 46 Correspondence. — 1. Transliteration. 2. The Mockery of Realism. 8. The Need of a Literary Bureau. 4. Mutual Help among Writers 4» Personal 61 Obituary—Mrs. Oliphant 61 The Bronti1 Museum 61 A Note from Buckle 52 Literature in the Periodicals 62 The Books of the Month 64 PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY. 1. The Annual Report. That for January 1897 can be had on application to the Secretary. 2. The Author. A Monthly Journal devoted especially to the protection and maintenance of Literary Property. Issued to all Members, 6*. 6d. per annum. Back numbers are offered at the following prices: Vol. I., ios. 6d. (Bound) ; Vols. II., III., and IV., 8s. 6d. each (Bound); Vol. V., 6j. 6d. (Unbound). 3. Literature and the Pension List. By W. Morris Colles, Barrister-at-Law. (Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C.) 3«. 4. The History of the Societe des Gens de Lettres. By S. Squire Sprigge, late Secretary to the Society, is. 5. The Cost of Production. In this work specimens are given of the most important forms of type, size of page, &c, with estimates showing what it costs to produce the more common kinds of books. Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C. 2s. 6d. 6. The Various Methods Of Publication. By S. Squire Sprigge. In this work, compiled from the papers in the Society's offices, the various forms of agreements proposed by Publishers to Authors are examined, and their meaning carefully explained, with an account of the various kinds of fraud which have been made possible by the different clauses in their agreements. Henry Glaisher, 95, Strand, W.C. 3*. 7. Copyright Law Reform. An Exposition of Lord MonkswelFs Copyright Bill now before Parlia- ment. With Extracts from the Report of the Commission of 1878, and an Appendix containing the Berne Convention and the American Copyright Bill. By J. M. Lely. Eyre and Spottiswoode. is. 6d. 8. The Society of Authors. A Record of its Action from its Foundation. By Walter Besant (Chairman of Committee, 1888—1892). is. 9. The Contract of Publication in Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland. By Ernst Lunge, J.U.D. 2s. 6d. ## p. 28 (#438) ############################################# 11 AD VEIi TISEMENTS. $ociefp of Jlut^ors (gncotporcttei)). Sib Edwin Arnold, K.C.I.E., C.S.I. Alfred Austin. J. M. Babbie. A. W. X Beckett. Robert Bateman. F. E. Beddard, F.B.S. Sib Henry Bebgne, K.C.M.G. Sir Walteb Bksant. At)GU8TINE BlRRELL, M.P. Bev. Prof. Bonney, F.B.S. Bioht Hon. James Bryce, M.P. Eight Hon. Lord Burghclere, P.C. Hall Caine. Eoerton Castle, F.S.A. P. W. Clayden. Edward Clodd. W. Morris Colles. Hon. John Collier. Sir W. Martin Conway. F. Marion Cbawford. PRESIDENT. OOEOZR-a-IE MEBEDITH. COUNCIL. The Earl of Desabt. Austin Dobson. A. Conan Doyle, M.D. A. W. Duboubg. Prof. Michael Foster, F.R.S. D. W. Fbeshfield. Richard Gahnbtt, C.B., LL.D. Edmund Gosse. H. Rides Haggard. Thomas Hardy. Anthony Hope Hawkins. Jerome K. Jerome. Rudyard Kipling. Prof. E. Ray Lankesteb, F.R.S. W. E. H. Lecky. J. M. Lely. Mrs. E. Lynn Linton. Rev. W. J. Loftie, F.S.A. Sir A. C. Mackenzie, Mub.Doc. Prof. J. M. D. Meiklejohn. Hon. Counsel — E. M. Undebdown, Herman C. Merivale. Rev. C. H. Middleton-Wakk. Sir Lewis Morris. Henry Nobman. Miss E. A. Ormerod. J. C. Parkinson. Rioht Hon. Lord Pirbright, F.R.S. Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart., LL.D. Walter Herries Pollock. W. Baptists Scoones. Miss Flora L. Shaw. G. R. Sims. S. Squire Sprigge. J. J. Stevenson. Francis Storr. Prof. Jas. Sully. William Moy Thomas. H. D. Traill, D.C.L. Mrs. Humphry Ward. Miss Charlotte M. Yonge. Q.C. COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT. A. W. a Beckett. Sib Walter Besant. Egerton Castle, F.S.A. W. Morris Colles. Chairman—H. Rider Haggard. Sir W. Martin Conway. D. W. Freshfield. Anthony Hope Hawkins. J. M. Lely. Sib A. C. Mackenzie, Mus.Doc. Henby Norman. Francis Storr. SUB-COMMITTEES. MUSIC. C. Villibrs Stanford, Mns.D. (Chairman) Jacques Blumenthal. J. L. Molloy. ( Field, Roscoe, and Co., Lincoln's Inn Fields. ij. G. Herbebt Thbing, B.A., 4, Portugal-street. Secretary—G. Herbert Thrino, BA OFFICES: 4, Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C. ART. Hon. John Collier (Chairman) Sir W. Martin Conway. M.JH. Spiklmann. Solicitors- DRAMA. Henry Arthur Jones (Cluiirman). A. W. A Beckett. Edward Rose. .A.. IP. AATJLTT &c SO INT, LITERARY AGENTS, Formerly of 2, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, Have now removed to HASTINGS HOUSE, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND. LONDON. W.C. Published every Friday morning; price, without Reports, 9d.; with Reports, 1b. THE LAW TIMES, the Journal of the Law and the Lawyers, which has now been established for over half a century, supplies to the Profession a complete Record of the Progress of Legal Reforms, and of all matters affecting the Legal Profession. The Reports of the Law Times are now recognised as the moBt complete and efficient series published. Offices: Windsor House, Bream's-buildings, E.C THE ART of CHESS. By James Mason. Price 5s. net, by post 5s. 4d. London: Horace Cox, Windsor House, Bream's-buIldingB, E.C. THE KNIGHTS and KINGS of CHESS. By the Rev. G. A. MACDONNELL, B.A. With Portrait and 17 IUustra tions. Crown 8vo., cloth boards, price 2s. 6d. net. London: Hokace Cox, Windsor House, Bream'B-buildings, E.G. ## p. 29 (#439) ############################################# tTbe Hutbot* (The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.) CONDUCTED BY WALTER BESANT. VoL.Tm.-No. 2.] JULY i, 1897. [Pbick Sixpence. For the Opinions expressed in papers that are signed or initialled the Authors alone are responsible. None of the papers or para- graphs must be taken as expressing the collective opinions of the Committee unless they are officially signed by G. Herbert Thring, Sec. THE Secretary of the Society begs to give notioe that all remittances are acknowledged by return of post, and requests that all members not receiving an answer to important communications within two days will write to him without delay. All remittances should be crossed Union Bank of London, Chancery-lane, or be sent by registered letter only. Communications and letters are invited by the Editor on all subjects connected with literature, but on no other sub- jects whatever. Articles which cannot be accepted are returned if stamps for the purpose accompany the MSS. GENERAL MEMORANDA. EOR some years it has been the practioe to insert, in every number of The Author, certain " General Con- siderations," Warnings, Notices, &o., for the guidance of the reader. It has been objected as regards theBe warnings that the tricks or frauds against which they are directed cannot all be guarded against, for obvious reasons. It is, however, well that they should be borne in mind, and if any publisher refuses a clause of precaution he simply reveals his true character, and should be left to oarry on bis business in his own way. Let us, however, draw up a few of the rnles to be observed in an agreement. There are three methods of dealing with literary property:— I. That of selling it outright. This is in some respects the most satisfactory, if a proper price can be obtained. But the transaction should be managed by a competent agent. II. A profit-sharing agreement. In this case the following rules should be attended to: (1.) Not to sign any agreement in which the cost of pro- duction forms a part. (2.) Not to give the publisher the power of putting the profits into his own pocket by charging for advertisements VOL. Till. in his own organs: or by charging exchange advertise- ments. (3.) Not to allow a special oharge for " office expenses," unless the same allowance is made to the author. (4.) Not to give up American, Colonial, or Continental rights. (5.) Not to give up serial or translation rights. (6.) Not to bind yourself for future work to any publisher. As well bind yourself for the future to any one solicitor or doctor! (7.) To stamp the agreement. III. The royalty system. In this system, which has opened the door to a most amazing amount of overreaching and trading on the author's ignorance, it is above all things necessary to know what the proposed royalty means to both "ides. It is now possible for an author to ascertain approximately and very nearly the truth. From time to time the very important figures connected with royalties are published in The Author. Readers can also work out the figures themselves from the "Cost of Production." Let no one, not even the youngest writer, sign a royalty agreement without finding out what it gives the publisher as well as himself. It has been objected that these precautions presuppose a great success for the book, and that very few books indeed attain to this great success. That is quite true : but there is always this uncertainty of literary property that, although the works of a great many authors carry with them no risk at all, and although of a great many it is known within a few copies what will be their minimum circulation, it is not known what will be their maximum. Therefore every author, for every book, should arrange on the ohanoe of a success whioh will not, probably, come at all; but which may oome. The four points which the Society has always demanded from the outset are :— (1.) That both sides shall know what an agreement means. (2.) The inspection of those account books which belong to the author. We are advised that this is a right, in the nature of a common law right, which cannot be denied or withheld. (3.) That there shall be no secret profits. (4.) That nothing shall be charged whioh has not been actually paid—for instance, that there shall be no charge for advertisements in the publisher's own organs and none for exchanged advertisements; and that all discounts shall be duly entered. If these points are carefully looked after, the author may rest pretty well assured that he is in right hands. At the same time he will do well to send his agreement to the secretary before he signs it. D 2 ## p. 30 (#440) ############################################# So THE AUTHOR. HOW TO USE THE SOCIETY. I. INVERT member has a right to ask for and to receive JQj advice upon his agreements, his choioe of a pub- lisher, or any dispute arising in the conduot of his business or the administration of his property. If the advice sought is such as can be given best by a solicitor, tho member has a right to an opinion from the Society's solicitors. If the case is such that Counsel's opinion is desirable, the Com- mittee will obtain for him Counsel's opinion. All this without any cost to the member. 2. Remember that questions connected with copyright and publisher's agreements do not generally fall within the experience of ordinary solicitors. Therefore, do not scruple to use the Society first—our solicitors are oontinually engaged upon such questions for us. 3. Send to the office copies of past agreements and past accounts with the loan of the books represented. This is in order to ascertain what has been the nature of your agree- ments, and the results to author and publisher respectively so far. The Secretary will always be glad to have any agreements, new or old, for inspection and note. The infor- mation thus obtained may prove invaluable. 4. If the examination of your previous business trans- actions by the Secretary proves unfavourable, you should take advice as to a change of publishers. 5. Before signing any agreement whatever, send the pro- posed document to the Society for examination. 6. The Society is acquainted with the methods, and—in the case of fraudulent houses—the trioks of every publish- ing firm in the country. 7. Remember always that in belonging to the Society you are fighting the battles of other writers, even if you are reaping no benefit to yourself, and that you are advancing the best interests of literature in promoting the indepen- dence of the writer. 8. Send to the Editor of The Author notes of everything important to literature that you may hear or meet with. 9. The committee have now arranged for the reception of members' agreements and their preservation in a fireproof safe. The agreements will, of course, be regarded as con- fidential documents to be read only by the Secretary, who will keep the key of the safe. The Society now offers:—(1) To read and advise upon agreements and publishers. (2) To stamp agreements in readiness for a possible action upon them. (3) To keep agreements. (4) To enforce payments due according to agreements. THE AUTHORS' SYNDICATE. MEMBERS are informed: 1. That the Authors' Syndicate takes charge of the business of members of the Society. That it submits MSS. to publishers and editors, concludes agree- ments, examines, passes, and collects accounts, and, gene- rally, reliovcs members of the trouble of managing business details. 2. That the terms upon which its services can be secured will be forwarded upon detailed application. 3. That the Authors' Syndicate works only for those members of the Society whose work possesses a market value. 4. That the Syndicate can only undertake any negotiations whatever on the distinct understanding that those negotia- tions are placed exclusively in its hands, and that all communications relating thereto are referred to it. 5. That clients can only be seen by the Director by appointment, and that, when possible, at least two days' notice should be given. 6. That every attempt is made to deal with all communi- cations promptly. That stamps should, in ail cases, be sent to defray postage. 7. That the Authors' Syndicate does not invite MSS. without previous correspondence; does not hold itself responsible for MSS. forwarded without notice; and that in all cases MSS. must be accompanied by stamps to defray postage. 8. That the Syndicate undertakes arrangements for lectures by some of the leading members of the Society -r that it has a "Transfer Department" for the sale and purchase of journals and periodicals; and that a " Register of Wants and Wanted" is open. Members are invited to- communicate their requirements to the Manager. There is an Honorary Advisory Committee, whose services will be called npon in any case of dispute or difficulty. It is perhaps necessary to state that the members of the Advisory Committee have no pecuniary interest whatever in the Syndicate. NOTICES. THE Editor of The Author begs to remind members of the Society that, although the paper is sent to them free of charge, the cost of producing it would be a very heavy charge on the resources of the Society if a great many members did not forward to the Secretary the modest 6s. 6d. subscription for the year. The Editor is always glad to receive short papers and communications on all subjects connected with literature from members and others. Nothing can do more good to the Society than to make The Author complete, attractive, and interesting. Will those who are willing to aid in this work send their names and tho special subjects on which they are willing to write P Communications for The Author should reach the Editor not later than the 21 st of each month. All persons engaged in literary work of any kind, whether members of the Society or not, are invited to communicate to the Editor any points connected with their work which it would be advisable in the general interest to publish. Members and others who wish their MSS. read are requested not to send them to the Office without previously communicating with the Secretary. The utmost practicable despatch is aimed at, and MSS. are read in the order in which they are recoived. It must also be distinctly under- stood that the Society doeB not, under any circumstances, undertake the publication of MSS. The Authors' Club is now open in its new premises, at 3, Whitehall-court, Charing Cross. Address the Secretary for information, rules of admission, Ac. Will members take the trouble to ascertain whether they have paid their subscriptions for the year H If they will do this, and remit the amount, if still unpaid, or a banker's order, it will greatly assist the Secretary, and save him the trouble of sending out a reminder. Members are most earnestly entreated to attend to the following warning. It is a most foolish and may be a most disastrous thing to enter into an agreement binding for a term of years. Let them ask themselves if they would give a solicitor the collection of their rents for five years to come, whatever his conduct, whether he was honest ## p. 31 (#441) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 3» V* dishonest? Of course they would not. Why then hesitate for a moment when they are asked to sign them- selves into literary bondage for three or five years? Those who possess the "Cost of Production" are requested to note that the cost of binding has advanced 15 per cent. This means, for those who do not like the trouble of "doing sums," the addition of three shillings in the pound on this head. In other words, if the cost of binding IB set down in our book at eight pounds, to this must now be added twenty-four shillings more, bo that it now stands at £g 4s. The figures in our book are as near the exact truth as can be procured; but a printer's, or a binder's, bill is so elastic a thing that nothing more exact can be arrived at. Some remarks have been made upon the amount charged in the " Cost of Production" for advertising. Of oourse, we have not included any sums whioh may be charged for inserting advertisements in the publisher's own magazines, or in other magazines by exchange. As agreements too often go, there is nothing to prevent the publisher from sweeping the whole profits o a book into his own pocket, by inserting any number of advertisements in his own magazines, and by exchanging with others. Some there are who call this a form of fraud; it is not known what those who practise this method of swelling their own profits call it. PROM THE COMMITTEE. THE Incorporated Society of Authors have forwarded the following congratulatory address to the Queen. The address has been signed by Mr. George Meredith (President of the Society), Mr. H. Rider Haggard (Chairman of the Committee of Management), and Mr. G. Herbert Thring (Secretary) :— "We, the undersigned, representing a body of more than 1400 authors, avail ourselves of your Majesty's gracious permission to oubmit, with the utmost loyalty and devotion, our most respect- ful congratulations on the sixtieth anniversary of jour Majesty's reign, glorious from every point of view, and unprecedented in every achievement which can enrich and advance your people. "We rejoice especially, and in this we believe that your Majesty, as an author, will sympathise with us, that during the last sixty years the achievements of literature in all its branches have been great beyond parallel. "Thus, among scholars, divines, and philoso- phers, we only need to mention the great names of Stanley, Carlyle, and Mill; in poetry, those of Tennyson, Browning, and Matthew Arnold; in history, those of Macaulay, Grote, Freeman, and Froude; in science, those of Darwin, Faraday, Huxley, Owen, and Tyndall; in fiction, those of Dickens and Thackeray. We desire also to allude to the splendid and sudden development of the genius of women in the sphere of literary work, as instanced, amongst others, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot Miss Mulock, and Charlotte Bronte. With these leaders we rejoice to think that in this period there have lived and passed away many writers and workers in literature whom the world will not willingly suffer to be forgotten, such as Hood, William Morris, Lord Houghton, Charles Kings, ley, De Quincey, Wilkie Collins, and others in every branch of letters. "We invite your Majesty's attention to the fact that the dependencies and colonies working par- ticularly in the domains of poetry and fiction have begun to create a literature individual, indeed, to each community, but the common possession of your Empire. "We believe that it is above everything desirable to welcome whatever may help to bind together the myriads who call your Majesty Queen and Empress in the various quarters of the earth, and we submit that nothing is working more powerfully to this end than the literature of the English tongue which is open to and in the hands of all. "We respectfully recognise the deep interest which you, Madam, have always shown in the intellectual achievements of our time, whether literary or scientific, and we humbly pray that your Majesty may long be spared to reign over an Empire as illustrious for its literature as for its arms, its arts, its industries, and its trades." r, TT „ G. Herbert Thring, Secretary. LITEEAEY PEOPEETY. L-—Revision op the Berne Convention in Germany. THE diplomatic conference on international copyright convoked in Paris on April 15, 1896, to discuss a first revision of the Berne Convention, drew up an Additional Act, modifying certain articles of the Convention of Sept. 9, 1886, and also a Declaration explanatory of certain stipulations of the Convention. The Federal Council of the German Empire having given its assent to both of these documents, they were, in January of the present year, presented to the Reichstag, and received its sanction on the Feb. 10, 1897. The German Empire is thus the first of the countries of the Union in which the Additional Act and the Declaration drawn up at Paris have become law. The document in which the Imperial Chancellor, Prince von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst, placed before the Reichstag the Additional Act and the Declaration, is lying before us. (" Reichstag, ## p. 32 (#442) ############################################# 32 THE AUTHOR. 9 Legislatur-Periode IV., Session 1895-97, No. 640.") The contents are of a most interesting nature, comprising, besides the Additional Act and Declaration both in the original text and in a German translation, a Memorandum (Denk- schrift) and four appendixes. The whole is deserving of the serious attention of all -who are interested in questions of international, or indeed of national copyright, whilst many of the Chan- cellor's remarks bear upon questions of grave importance to both authors and publishers. One of the appendixes contains the Articles as they stood in the original Convention and as they now appear altered, side by side in parallel columns, offering a most convenient comparison of the two, and it must here suffice to mention that the modified Articles are numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, and 20, together with paragraphs 1 and 4 of the Final Protocol. From the Memorandum and the other appendixes the following passages have been selected as likely to be the most interesting to authors, but the perusal of the whole can be recommended, as no single particular of the results of the conference, however small, is over- looked in the valuable and suggestive notes which accompany them. The Memorandum amounts almost to a report of the part taken in the conference by the dele- gates of the German Empire. After enumerating the countries represented, the Memorandum con- tinues: "The Office of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in Berne had previously forwarded certain ' Proposi- tions de l'Administration Francaise et du Bureau international,' and these furnished a base for the work of the conference. In addition to this, there were also to be considered, especially by the German delegates, certain wishes which, since the existence of the Berne Convention, had been expressed amongst ourselves in circles which these questions interested. The matter laid before us had been subjected to a careful examination in a number of previous conferences of the commis- saries of the associated Imperial and Prussian jurisdictions, and, to a great extent, had been further submitted to a searching inquiry at the hands of experts. UNIFORM COPYRIGHT LAW. "The 'propositions' above mentioned bore direct reference to the several articles of the previous Convention, or to the Final Protocol attached to it. It was evident from the way in which they were framed that it would be impos- sible in this conference also to look forward to the desirable consummation of a uniform international codification of the law of copyright; and, as the labours of the conference advanced, it became more and more plain that a uniform revised con- vention of that kind was absolutely unattainable, notwithstanding the best intentions on the part of the majority of the countries of the Union - The reason of this was the opposition of particular countries, based principally upon their own domestic legislation. "In consequence of this, the final result of the conference consists in the drawing up of an Addi- tional Act, bearing upon some articles of the previous Convention and of its Final Protocol (this Additional Act embraces all the countries of the Union except Norway), and of a 'Declara- tion' attached to the Berne Convention and the Additional Act. This Declaration embraces all the countries of the Union, including Norway, with the exception of Great Britain. (The ultimate agreement of the Republic of Hayti to both may be regarded as certain). "Although, under these circumstances, it must be admitted that the result of the Paris Inter- national Copyright Conference lacks coherence and finality, it is just, on the other hand, to emphasise the fact that, practically speaking, the contents of the new stipulations will be found to be, as far as is possible, adapted to the views resulting from recent developments of the law re- specting such matters. Taken in connection with the other Articles of the Berne Convention, which remain unaltered, they are calculated to form a convenient base both for a practical exposition of uniform international copyright, and for a further development of it. In addition, in No. 5. of the " Voeux" which the conference adopted, it has also expressed its hope that the consultations of the next conference may again result in a text uniformly applicable to all countries within the Union. "So far as Germany is concerned, what was effected in Paris practically corresponds with the wishes expressed by those amongst ourselves interested in the matter. On the one hand, account was taken of our legitimate efforts, as, for example, in the case of the extension of the period of protection of the exclusive right of translation; and, on the other hand, a check has been in several ways placed upon the disadvan- tages arising from exaggerated effoits in favour of prolongation of copyright." PROTECTION OF THE OUTSIDE AUTHOR. The Memorandum proceeds next to describe and comment upon the additions made to the several Articles of the Convention of 1886, taking them one by one. Amongst other passages of great interest may be quoted the following respecting the modification of Article 3: ## p. 33 (#443) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 33 "It results from the wording of the revised 3rd Article that an author of a country outside the Union, in order to enjoy the protection accorded hy the Union, must comply with the conditions and formalities prescribed by the country in which he publishes his work or causes it to be published. If he has complied with these preliminaries, he enjoys the full protection which the Union guarantees—that is to say, he is pro- tected not only against unauthorised editions, but also against unauthorised translations, and unauthorised representations, or exhibitions of the work which he has published in one of the countries of the Union, in accordance with Article 5 of the Convention, to which refers Article 1, iii., of the Additional Act, and Article 9 of the Convention. "The author who does not belong to a country of the Union is in a worse position than one who does belong to one in this respect, that his un- published works cannot obtain protection in a country of the Union. It was considered at the Paris Conference that this difference in the treat- ment of the author outside the Union (one arising from the nature of the case) would form an inducement to other States to join the Union." UNAUTHORISED TRANSLATIONS. Respecting the new Article 5, which deals with the very important question of translations, the Memorandum remarks: "How far an author is to be internationally protected against unauthorised translations of his work is an important question. On the part of Germany a strong effort was made to obtain a complete uniformity in all replies to this question. In consequence of the opposition of some coun- tries of the Union that was not possible. How- ever, a real step in the direction of the evolution of international protec tion was made by the pro- posed alteration of Article 5, clause 1. The author's exclusive right to translate,* which according to the previous stipulation was secured him for ten years only after the publication of the original, is in future to be extended to the whole period during which the original is pro- tected against piracy in its original language, provided that the author has published a transla- tion of his own within those ten years. Apart from this limitation, the reproduction of a work in an unauthorised translation is therefore placed upon the same footing as an unauthorised repro- duction in the original form. This principle has been already accepted by the Legislatures of a number of countries (for example, Belgium, France, Spain, and, according to the general opinion, Great Britain), and is strongly supported by German authors. "On the side of Germany there was no hesitation about agreement to this modification. The idea that protection of translations is a contradiction because the author has a right to his work only in the language in which he wrote it, may be con- sidered as exploded. How far it may seem requisite to limit the duration of an exclusive right of translation is a question of expediency. At the conclusion of the Berne Convention the shorter limit of time was decided upon from a hope that this regulation might persuade the countries which held back from the Union the more rapidly to overcome their hesitation. Weight can no longer be attached to that con- sideration. So far as German interests are con- cerned, the real hesitations respecting any further limitation of liberty of translation come practi- cally to this—a misgiving that the result would be to increase the difficulty and the expense of the translation of foreign works into German. If, in addition, the possibility of the author's entirely withholding his work from translation is suggested, that danger is a very remote one. Besides, this case is provided for by the limita- tion which has been introduced into Article 5. In addition to this, however, some misgiving is expressed that, in consequence of the extension of the protection, we should more frequently than hitherto have to content ourselves with inadequate translations, in consequence of these alone having been authorised by the author. But, as a matter of fact, in the present state of the law, the con- sequence of the fierce competition is that good translations are often placed at a disadvantage by inferior but cheaper ones. And this circumstance cannot but have a deleterious effect upon the production of good translations. In the nature of things it will be a matter of consequence rather to the author himself than to anyone else that the translation should be a good one. Ordinarily no one is more interested than he, or the publisher to whom he has assigned the pro- duction of the translation, to provide, by the choice of the translator, and by the supervision of the work, that the result shall bj satisfactory. But both author and publisher will feel more dis- posed for such enterprises when they no longer, have any occasion to be anxious lest, after a short, interval, someone else should publish another translation which may obtain command of the market in consequence of its greater cheapness, notwithstanding its actual inferiority. "It by no means follows that, in consequence of the extension of the duration of the copyright, translations at the present moderate prices will be in the future withdrawn from the market. The danger of the price being placed too high is limited in this case, exactly as in the case of originaj ## p. 34 (#444) ############################################# 34 THE AUTHOR. German works, by the trade competition. Besides, in the province of literature, the lower price can certainly not be regarded as an advan- tage, when what is offered for it is of inferior value. In the interests of the community it is by all means to be desired that unsatisfactory translations of foreign works, many of them of no value in themselves, should not be put before the reading public in such excessive numbers as at present. Both from the point of view of the German author and that of the actual national book trade, it will be a gain to have placed a check upon the flooding of .the book market with worthless translations. EXCLUSIVE EIGHT OF TRANSLATION. "It must also be considered a step in advance for Germany that a wider protection of the exclusive right of translation has been secured by Germany for the foreign author. This will pre- pare the way for a German literature of good translations. On the other hand, respecting a just treatment of German authors in the other countries of the Union, both their perfectly reasonable wish not to see their works translated by persons who have no authority to do so, and their very material pecuniary interests, connected with the increasing dissemination of German literature in foreign countries, alike plead for the widest possible extension of this sort of protection. "The exclusive right of translation depends upon the condition that the individual work shall first of all be under the protection of the Con- vention—that is to say, that those conditions and formalities have been complied with which are prescribed by the Legislature of the country of origin to secure the original work from reproduc- tion. (Article 2, clause 2, of the Convention.) On the other hand, it is not necessary that the author should also have complied with sundry peculiar stipulations respecting the right of trans- lation contained in the law of the country of origin (as, for example, the Imperial law of June 11, 1870, s. 6)." THE PERIOD OF PROTECTION. The extension of the period of protection beyond ten years is made further depeudent upon the fact that the author shall have, within that period, published a translation in a country within the Union, in that language, or in those languages, for which the period of longer pro- tection will be claimed. After the lapse of this period of ten years the right of translation into all the other languages in which translations of the work have noc appeared, will have fallen into the public domain. The period of ten years begins from the date of publication of the original work. It follows next, from No." 2 of the Declaration, that dramatic and dramatico-musical works, which have not appeared in print, and therefore, not- withstanding their actual performance, are not held to be published, are protected as long against translation as they are against being reproduced in any other way. In addition to this, according to the wording which has been chosen, the owner of the copyright (even though, in conse- quence of the lapse of the appointed period, he may have lost his rights for the future, either entirely, or for this or that language) is not pro- hibited from taking legal proceedings against a translation which has previously appeared in an illegal manner. PROTECTION OF NEWSPAPER ARTICLES. The following passage deals with the new stipulations for the protection of newspaper articles and articles in periodical publications: "Also respecting the protection of articles appearing either in newspapers or in periodical publications, the proposals made by the German delega es were substantially adopted by the Conference. "For the future are protected: "1. Absolutely; Boinances and novels ap- pearing iu Feuilletous. Under the head of novels are included, as was more precisely explained at Paris, short stories and anecdotes, as well as, under certain circumstances, such compositions as do not contain mere news, but have been embellished by touches of the author's imagi- nation. "2. Conditionally: it being presupposed that eithtr the newspaper article, or the number in question of the periodical publication, is furnished with an express prohibition of reproduction—all other articles in periodicals. If the prohibition is omitted such articles may be reprinted, if the source whence they are taken is mentioned. It was also taken for granted at Paris that the mention of source should not amount merely to a mention of the name of the newspaper or periodical publication in which the article in question had appeared, but, in the case of the article being signed, should include also the name of the author. "The distinction between longer and shorter articles, similar to that in the German copyright law of June 11, 1870, was left an open question, as it had been previously left by the Berne Convention. "3. Unrestrictedly is permitted the reproduction of political articles, news, and 'current topics,' as hitherto, either in the original language or in translations, and that notwithstanding a pro- ## p. 35 (#445) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 35 hibition on the part of the author even expressly notified, and without any mention of source." WHAT BBITAIN DECLINED TO ACCEPT. Perhaps no part of the whole document is more interesting to English authors than that which deals with the Declaration which our English delegates found themselves unable to accept "Whilst reading it the English author will be unable to avoid reflecting sadly that he is, in consequence of some of our own statutes, in a distinctly worse case than the German author. It seems, however, that even so the fact that this Declaration has become law in Germany may be of importance to English dramatists. "All the stipulations which are contained in the Declaration of May 4, 1896, might have been included in the Additional Act had not difficulties about accepting them as an inter- national arrangement been raised by the delegates of Great Britain on the ground of the domestic legislation of their country. "The Conference was accordingly compelled to choose between either forfeiting entirely the par- ticipation in the Additional Act of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with its extended colonial territories, or collecting the explanatory prescriptions here in question, to which Great Britain could not agree, in a sepa- rate document. The Conference chose the latter course, and respecting three doubtful points decided as follows: "1. Latterly judgments have been given by several courts according to which the protec- tion of a literary or artistic work published in one country of the Union must depend in another country of the Union, not only upon compliance with those conditions and formalities which are prescribed by the country of origin, but also upon compliance with those required for the home productions in the other country in which protection is claimed. Under these cir- cumstances it seemed desirable once and for all to make it clear, by an authoritative interpretation of the meaning of Article 2, clause 2, that the pro- tection afforded to literary and artistic works by the Berne Convention of Sept. 9, 1886, and the Additional Act of May 4, 1896, depends alone upon compliance with the conditions and formalities required by the country in which the work originated." Respecting the second point, we may quote: "2. Having regard to the fact that the protec- tion which the Berne Union guarantees is, under certain circumstances, made dependent upon this —that the work in question must have been published in one of the countries of the Union— it appeared to the great majority of the delegates VOL. VIII. of the various States represented at Paris neces- sary that the term 'publication' should be defined. According to the definition of 'publication' given, in consequence, under No. 2 of the Decla- ration, 'to publish' (veroffentlichen: publier) is equivalent to 'to bring out' (herausgeben: (Salter), by which is to be understood the first multiplication (Vervielfaltigung) with a view to public sale." The third point deals with a matter that has long been a very sore subject with English novelists. "3. The fact that the dramatisation of popular romances, and also the production in the form of romance of attractive dramatic pieces, has of late become constantly more and more common, led to a desire definitely to include all such cases under the heading of ' adaptations' mentioned in the 10th Article of the Berne Convention. The opposition of the British delegates compelled the Conference to renounce either incorporating a declaration to this effect with the article itself, or altering the article in the Additional Act." As regards Germany, the new declaration (Die Umgestaltung eines Romans in ein Theaterstuck oder eines Theaterstucks in einen Roman fallt unter die Bestimmungen von Artikel 10) amounts simply to giving complete expression to the view which has for a long time past found acceptance in this country—namely, that all such transforma- tions as are here dealt with can be included in the term "adaptations," and that it is simply the office of the judge to examine and determine, with the assistance of experts, whether, in each case, an adaptation lies before him or a new work has been created. We were able to assent with- out hesitation, as the intervention of the tribunal is provided for in the 1 oth article. THE MEANING OF PUBLICATION. In Appendix III. the definition of "publica- tion," which is the second point of the " Declara- tion, is discussed at somewhat greater length. As the international importance of this definition may not be at first sight quite plain, the clear elucidation of the point here given seems well worth quoting. As a matter of fact, one of the cases here mentioned as a possible one has actually recently occurred, and was mentioned in the March number of The Author. "According to various provisions of the Berne Convention (Articles 2, 3, 5, 7, 9), the grounds and the duration of the covenanted pro- tection depend either upon the country in which the work was published or upon the date of pub- lication. In the meantime it has been found in practice that in the application of these dire«- tions a difference of opinion exists respecting what E ## p. 36 (#446) ############################################# 36 THE AUTHOR. is meant by publication. Taken in its widest sense, publication is that act which for the first time brings the work into publicity. The public reading aloud of a literary composition might be considered an act of this kind. So miiht the public performance of a play, or of a musical work; or the public exhibition of a picture, or of a sculpture. In a narrower sense, publication takes place only when the work is by means of reproduction put within the reach of the public —that is, has been brought out as a publica- tion." The practical range of the question which has been raised is very important. For example, if an opera has been originally produced in Germany, and then appears in print in Italy, which of these two countries is to be considered the " country of origin" (in the sense of Article 2) will depend upon which of the above definitions of " publica- tion is chosen." In the case of a play which has been put upon the boards before its appearance in the book market, the duration of the exclusive right of translation (according to article 5 as it has hitherto stood, and, under certain circum- stances, also as it now stands in its altered form) depends upon whether the former or the latter date is to be accepted as that of publication. In this connection also Article 2, clause 1, and Article 3 are of moment. "For if any act which brings the work into publicity is to be regarded as publication, the author, whether he belongs to one of the countries of the Union or not, immediately secures himself the protection of the Convention by causing his work, before it has been in any way multiplied by reproduction, to be either produced (auffiihren) or exhibited (aufstellen) within the Union. This protection is thenceforward a lasting one. The circumstance that the author afterwards has his work brought out by a publisher in a country outside the Union is in no way prejudicial to him. On the other hand, the author who belongs to a country of the Union would lose the protection to which his unpublished work is entitled so soon as he allowed it to be performed or exhibited in a country outside the Union. An author who did not belong to the Union would, under the same circumstances, be robbed of the prospect of pro- curing himself protection under the Union. For both it would be equally useless afterwards to bring out (herausgeben) the work for the first time within the Union. But if only production by a publisher is esteemed as publication, in all the above instances the case would be exactly th-i contrary." Having regard to this uncertainty, it was pro- posed by agreement to limit the meaning of "publication " so as to ensure a uniform adminis- tration of the Convention in all the different countries. Hereupon the position taken by Germany, having regard to the well-known sense of the Imperial law respecting copyright, was that publication must be regarded as consisting in the putting forth of reproductions. It may here be left as an open question whether this view might be at once deduced from Article 9, clause 3, of the Berne Convention. But in any case its being so pre-eminently to the purpose is an argument in its favour. Besides, the de- sirability in legal questions of giving full import- ance to certainty is in favour of it, as there will often be difficulties in the way of proving whether a work may, in some way or another, previously have obtained publicity. The grounds which had led to making publication within the Union the point of departure of protection, also pointed to t.he adoption of the narrower view of publication. It could be nothing but disadvantageous to the publishing world within the Union if the author could avail himself of protection by means of so transitory an act as performance or exhibition would often be, and the subsequent first edition became of no importance. On the other hand, it would be a facility contrary to the aims of the Union given to the authors of States outside it, if they were thus enabled by a transitory act of this sort to create protection for themselves and to publish the work in some other region. So, according to the Declaration, "veroffent- licht" (publiees) is equivalent to "herausgegeben" (editces). Doubt can scarcely arise about what is meant by this. A work is published (heraus- gegeben) in a given country, when the reproduc- tions of it there, for the first time, having been brought into publicity with a view to sale, come into the market. No importance, as the rule at present stands, is attached to the question whethrr the copies offered for sale have been also supplied within the Union, which will generally be the case. Such a requirement, apart from the diffi- culties attached to carrying it out, would not be justified, since the advantages which publication within the Union carries with it are already sufficient to attach the concession of protection to publication. II.—The Right of Criticism. In July, 1808, an action was brought by Sir John Carr against Messrs. Hood and Sharpe, booksellers. The facts, which were not denied, were as follows: The plaintiff was the author of certain books called respectively " The Stranger in France," for which he received the sum of ,£100; "The Summer Tour in France," for which he received ## p. 37 (#447) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 37 £500; "The Stranger in Ireland," for which he received ,£200; and "The Tour through Ireland," for which he received .£600. He had written another book, called " The Stranger in Scotland," for which he expected a sum of money equal at least to what he had before received, when the defendants produced a book called " My Pocket Book," in which the plaintiff's writings were held up to derision. In consequence, his book became greatly depreciated, and his publishers refused to look at " The Stranger in Scotland "; hence this action. Sir Richard Phillips, the publisher in question, was asked if he ever read reviews. He declared that he did not, knowing the scurrility, partiality, and misrepresentation with which they abounded, and the manner in which they were produced. The Attorney-General contended that" My Pocket Book " was only fair criticism. Lord Ellenborough observed "that every man had a right to criticise the writings of another, and even to hold them up to ridicule, so that he cast no personal re- flections on the author. If fair criticism injured the sale of a work, it was damnum absque injuria. As to the present question, if the criticism went beyond observations on the work or on the author, merely as such, it was action- able, and not otherwise." The jury found for the defendant. I have always thought, as a matter of common sense, that the right to criticise a book should be exactly the same as the right to criticise anything else that is sold. For instance, a man who criticises a baker's bread, and charges the baker with using alum and potatoes, and other substances besides flour, would certainly be liable to an action for libel. He would have to prove the use of alum and potatoes. So a man who charges a writer with plagiarism, inde- cency, vulgarity, incompetence, or ignorance— charges constantly hurled at authors by critics who are too often personal enemies or rivals— would have to prove his charges in open court. That is to say, if he could only justify a charge of ignorance by a single point or a few points only, he would be very rightly cast in damages. Lord Ellenborough used the word "fair" criticism. What is "fair" criticism? It is, surely, such criticism as can be defended in open court. One would by no means seek to suppress "fair" criticism, without which literature would become flabby, but it is very much to be desired that critics themselves should remember what " fair" criticism means. One or two actions at law would probably do more to improve certain current criticism than all the remonstrances in the world. W. B. vol. vm III.—WlLLOUGHBY V. KeGAN PAUL AND Co. High Court of Justice:—Queen's Bench Division. (Before Mr. Justice Hawkins and a Middlesex Special Jury.) Willoughby v. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trflbner, and Co. (Limited). In this action Sir Edward Clarke, Q.C., and Mr. A. M. Bremner appeared for the plaintiff, Sir John Willoughby; and Mr. Cock, Q.C., Mr. E. Glen, and Mr. J. H. Lindsay for the defendant company. This action was for damages for libels alleged to be contained in a book called " How We made Rhodesia," published by the defendant company. On the case being called on, Mr. Cock, Q.C., on behalf of the defendants, expressed his regret that the passages complained of had appeared in a book published by them. They acknowledged that there was no foundation for any suggestion against the plaintiff's character, and withdrew every imputation. They consented to pay the plaintiff the sum of .£200, and would withdraw the book. Sir Edward Clarke, on behalf of the plaintiff, stated that, while he had thought it neces- sary to clear his character as a military man and a man of honour, he was willing to accept the apology and the terms offered by the defen- dants. His Lordship said that he was glad the case had been so dealt with. It would have been im- possible for the plaintiff to have slept under the allegations made against him, but his character was now absolutely cleared. The record was then withdrawn. — Times, June 16. . IV.—Cost of Production. The following is an actual printer's estimate for printing a book 224 pages, or 14 sheets, in length, crown 8vo., small pica, 28 lines on a page, or 280 words. (N.B.—The MS. turned out to be 15 sheets in length.) The estimate is for 250 copies. The printers have their works in the country. £ s. d. Composition per sheet, .£1 5*. (This includes footnotes, of which there are some in every page) 17 10 o Printing, 48. 3d a sheet 2 19 6 Paper 2 12 6 Binding, at 4<f. a volume 434 •£27 5 4 e 2 ## p. 38 (#448) ############################################# 38 THE AUTHOR. Turning to the Society's " Cost of Production," p. 27, we find the following: Composition, .£1 7 s. 6d. a sheet 19 5 o Printing (see p. 63), 48. od. a sheet 2 16 o Paper, 9*. od. a sheet 6 6 o Binding, ts,d 4 3 4 £32 10 4 So that the printers'estimate is actually .£5 55. od. less than that of the Society. "We are constantly coming across such cases as this. Members of the Society who are proposing to pay for produc- ing their own books should make a note of this, and should look into their estimates with the greatest care. The secretary has the name of the firm. The following letter speaks for itself. Of course, it is an old story. We have exposed the game over and over again. But still it goes on. A manuscript is sent to a certain firm of advertising publishers. Whether it is read or whether it is not read, matters little, because the reply is always the same. It is to the effect that the reader thinks so highly of the work that the worthy firm are emboldened to make "the following favourable offer." There then comes a demand for as much money as they think they can safely ask. Should this be objected to, they proceed to offer lower terms. The invariable clause at the end of the letter is to the effect that "this is the best time of the year for publish- ing." Eeaders will observe that while this London firm generously offered to do the job for .£50, a local printer offered to do it for £18! Aspirants who receive such letters would do well to remember that the offer made has nothing whatever to do with the literary merits of the work, so that, in throwing the letter into the fire, as they ought to do, they need not therefore assume that their work is worthless. Let them proceed, instead, to try if they can find a respect- able publisher, and hear what he says. "June 11, 1897. "Iam tempted by the invitation in the columns of the outspoken Author to give you an experience I have had with an ' enterprising ' firm of pub- lishers. "The copy of the letter I received speaks for itself. Second thoughts came to the rescue, and prevented me from launching a book at the upset price of .£50. The MS. languishes in a drawer, and may remain there until it is moth- eaten. But I must confess the temptation was strong, and visions of fame at the expense of my shilling shocker haunted me for days. My fame is not yet come, nor will I risk publishing at my own cost; especially when I read your repeated and timely warnings. I may say a local firm agreed to print and publish 1000 copies of this magnum opus for £18. Even that didn't draw me; for what is worth publishing is worth acceptance at the hands of any decent publisher. All this goes to prove that my book in 'attractive covers' is not worth having. It is a pity other tyros do not see the matter in the same light.— I am, yours faithfully, "S. R." "Publishers, "London. "Dear Sir,—We now beg to reply to your letter of the 8th inst. Our terms for a is. book in attractive paper covers would be J50; £30 when you sign the agreement, and £20 when yon see the proofs. The edition to be 3000 copies—you could not well print less of a is. book. Two- thirds of the proceeds of sales to be your property, and the book to be advertised at our sole expense to the amount of £7. "This is the best time of year for is. books, and we could put yours on the market in a month from now. "Awaiting your instructions, "Faithfully yours, And here is another letter on the same subject referring to the same worthy gentlemen :— "May I add my chronicle of recent experience to those you have already published? "Some time ago I sent the MS. of a novel to a certain publishing firm. A little later I received an answer to the effect that the novel had im- pressed them 'favourably,' and that they there- fore offered me the following 'favourable terms' (The expression was theirs, but the italics are mine.) I was to pay, in ali, £88. Needless to say, I rejected the offer of terms so favourable— to themselves—and requested the return of the MS. _____ "G. E. M. G." V.—The Publisher's Vade Mecum. The following table is prepared for the use of publishers as a ready reckoner. It means the price paid by the retail trade, subject to certain discounts: 5 P-o- 10 p. c. I2i p.c. 15 P- 0. 1. d. 1. d. s. d. >. d. s. d. 6 3i 3* 3-ft 3A I 0 7& 11* 6i «H I 6 ioi ioi 2 0 « 3 1 2 1 ii I Ii 2 6 1 6\ 1 Si 1 S 1 4i 3 0 1 10 1 8f 1 8i 1 7i 3 6 2 2i 2 1 2 oi 1 ui 4 0 2 Si 2 4i 2 3i 2 2} 4 6 2 g{ 2 7i 2 <H 2 5* 5 0 3 «i 2 11$ 2 ioJ 2 oi 6 0 3 7l 3 Si 3 4i 3 3i I 6 4 8 4 5i 4 3i 4 2i 0 4 "i 4 8i 4 7 4 Si ## p. 39 (#449) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 39 The calculations are based on sale price 13 as 12, but, as it is not the custom to give this dis- count on single copies, the average is, of course, very sensibly raised. NEW YORK LETTER. New York, June 16. THERE is as usual more gossip than impor- tant news at this period of the year. Whether the market is really any more depressed than it is on the average at the begin- ning of summer may be doubted, although a member of the firm of Roberts Bros., of Boston, remarked the other day that he he had never known things so dead. He lays it to the bicycle; but then we lay everything to the bicycle. He said that nothing would sell now except history and translations; and although the statement is absurd, it does point to the popularity of these two branches of the publishing business. Known writers, he admitted, might be published any time and pay something, but a new writer would only invite his own death by publishing before times changed. This same firm, which once stood high, has just returned a novel which it accepted two years ago. During those two years it has been writing every few months to the author telling why it was thought advisable to postpone publication a little longer. That is the kind of business that the respectable publishing houses here look upon as disreputable. Two men of wide experience in the book world have given ine within a short time directly opposite advice on the best time of year to pub- lish. A well-known author said: "Bring out your first volume in the spring; you won't sell quite so many copies, but you will get more notice. Most of the important books are published in the fall when the reviewers are too crowded for space. In the spring they are seeking something worth writing about, and if a new writer offers anything promising they will spread on his book." A week or two later a member of a large pub- lishing firm advised me to beware of the spring, for my own sake as well as for the sake of the publisher. The important thing in his mind was to start the book among the readers directly, instead of among the reviewers. Papers in various cities have taken up a letter written a month or so ago to the Dial of Chicago by John J. Chapman, attacking the magazines for their timidity. He said they preferred to give their readers what they know they will read, instead of doing what he thought they ought to do, giving the best literature they could get. A multitude of replies have defended the commercial point of view, and at the same time have pre- tended that the magazines do publish the best writing they can find. The facts are simple. All the prominent periodicals in this country are run, not for artistic or literary satisfaction, but for money. The editors are probably paid salaries ranging from 5000 dols. to 10,000 dols. on the most successful magazines, and there are several assistant editors and a host of subordinates. A magazine editor remarked to me the other day, "We charge ten cents for our paper, and we don't calculate to give our readers but ten cents worth." I suggested that there might be some satisfaction in having a paper run by men who were willing to make less and give more. He said that that was a boy's point of view, and that publishing a magazine was a serious matter when it was done by men. He had his dream, how- ever. When he was finally where he wanted to be financially, he would found an ideal magazine, and in it he would publish some of the best books which appear, as nearly all the best writing is destined for publication in book form. He thought that a first-rate magazine should be made up of serials. I do not know what editors receive in England, but it is hard to believe that it will ever be possible for the owners and editors of our periodicals to make them worth much from a literary point of view as long as they look upon them merely as business investments. There has been another change of management in the Forum; Dr. J. M. Rice succeeding Mr. Keet. It is an open secret that the best editor this or any similar publication has had in this country for a long time, Mr. Page, now of the Atlantic, left because the owners, who are largely Hebrews, wanted to see some money come out of the paper. It would interest me a great deal to know how many men have to make their living out of the Fortnightly and Contemporary, and what scale they have to live on. It is very hard to keep from talking about Mr. Munsey. He is the most daring and the most entertaining adventurer in the publishing world. In the June number of his magazine, in a personal chat with his readers, he discusses his aims and how he hopes to carry them out. He has been asking his readers to decide for him whether the con- tinued stories were worth while; and he says that the success of his magazine is, in his opinion, mainly due to the short, unsigned articles, espe- cially, I believe, what he calls " Storiettes." He has, however, undertaken to make himself neces- sary to the elect, whom he pretends to despise, somewhat on the principle that I explained in ## p. 40 (#450) ############################################# 4° THE AUTHOR. connection with the "Library of World's Best Literature." He is giving a series of articles on "My Favourite Novelists," signed by the best known names, and the criticism by Frank Stock- ton on Defoe and Dickens, in the current number, is very high-class work. This -will be followed by articles on the same subject by Mark Twain, Walter Besant, Marion Crawford, Richard Harding Davis, Paul Bourget, S. R. Crockett, Mrs. Burton Harri- son, James Whitcomb Riley, General Lew Wal- lace, and Bret Harte. The other publishers promise him bankruptcy. "Munsey succeeded first," said one, "because he paid nothing for his pictures or his articles; now he is beginning to thrash about—he is advertising, and that is a bad sign. Then the people are beginning to demand fees for their pictures and payment for their con- tributions." Mr. Munsey is serene, however, and remarks that the same prophecy was made about him when he began the ten cent, principle, If it were not for the fear of seeming to wish to ad- vertise him, I should like to talk indefinitely about this exaggerated representative of American publishing principles. The process of making contemporary Ameri- can writing familiar to the French goes on, and Madame Blanc is being most unjustly scolded for her part in it, on the ground that she is patronis- ing. La Revue de Paris has translated Hamlin Garland's "A Member of the Third House." M. Brunetiere will give his impressions of Americans in La Revue de deux Monde*; and he will also contribute a series of articles on French litera- ture to the Atlantic Monthly. It now looks as if books for libraries and educational institutions would be let in free under the new tariff, although it is not yet decided. The Macmillan Company have for- warded a letter to the Committee on Tariff Revi- sion, in which they say: "In the present law and for some time past there have been legal exemptions from the collection of a tariff on books in favour of libraries and educational institutions, and some of these, it is currently reported, have become regular smuggling agencies, importing free of duty, not only for themselves, but for any friends who want to buy, to the extent of their legal limit as to number, and in some cases without regard to that limit. The exempted institutions, which furnish naturally a large proportion of the book business of the country, can import through the booksellers, but, for whatever reason, nearly all have found it wise to avoid the booksellers, and that to such an extent as greatly to undermine the bookselling business of the country." They suggest that either exemption be done away with and the present duty continued, which might work hard- ship to educational institutions, or that the duty on books be made so low that there need be no exemptions at all. The librarian's annual report puts the number of books in the library of Congress at 748,115 —an increase of 16,674 for the year. There are 245,000 pamphlets. During the year there were 72,470 new copyrights—an increase of 4896, attributed mainly to the extension of the inter- national copyright system, which now includes eleven countries: Belgium, Chili, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland. Colonel Higginson and Professor H. T. Peck are among the writers who will spend the summer in Europe. Mr. Howells goes to Carlsbad. Norman Hapgood. NOTES FROM ELSEWHERE. June 21. THE friendly move to which I alluded last month has been much commented upon, and the hope has been expressed that I may be mistaken in supposing that the author of the letters was a dear confrere. My reason for this supposition was that the critics of the papers were abused by my pseudo-ego by name, and that their names are not generally known by the out- side world. The book in question has given offence to some people, and the journalists who are in the pay of these people have considered fair every means of discrediting it and of vilifying its author. Let me mention some instances. They are curiosities of criticism. In one case a Bradford paper informed its readers that the author of the book was not an Englishman, and, ergo, merely wrote it to vilify a nation alien to him. In the second case a Manchester journalist wrote a leader of more than a column's length on a statement invented by himself as my own, a statement which was the direct opposite of something I had said. When I drew his attention to the matter, he responded by printing as his authority what purported to be a quotation from the book. This quotation was made up of words and phrases picked here and there from the book and supplemented with phrases and words supplied by the writer. This is done, remember, in a leading provincial paper, and in the most prominent part of that paper. Another paper contented itself with announcing the book under a totally false description. Thus, published at 2*. 6d. with forty illustrations, it was described as published at 6*. with one illustration. ## p. 41 (#451) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 41 A fourth informed its readers that the book was rendered practically useless by the careless way in which some of the sheets had been turned in printing and passed by the binder. Altogether, if any of my readers wish for novel experiences and a wider knowledge of the use to which the pen can be put, let me recommend them to publish a book dealing with social reform. That some such book as the one alluded to was necessary, would appear from a letter I received the other day from one of the unfortunate indi- viduals whose acquaintance I made when I was collecting the materials. This is a middle-aged man, a skilled worker, who works fourteen hours a day. He occupies a two-roomed cottage in a slum, and has only one child dependent on him. It occurred to me that a month in the country might save the child's life, for he is going to join his mother and brothers and sister, and I wrote to the father to ask him to let me have the boy down to the duchy. He answered: "I am very sorry to inform you that my social condition remains unchanged" (12*. a week at a skilled trade). "I am still rubbing against the roughest side of the world, and I suppose it will remain so to the end of the chapter. In fact, I have given iip all hope long ago. With regard to your offer to my little boy, I am very sorry indeed that I cannot accept it—not from choice, for T certainly would like to see the little fellow get such a treat; but the truth is I cannot keep him in anything like a presentable appearance." Sans commentaires, n'est-ce pas? A propos, this reminds me of the outcry which was raised by us literary folk at an offer made by a literary employer of £10 for 400,000 words. It was calculated and set forth with just indignation that at this rate of payment the literary craftsman would have to produce 166 words for a penny. We have living in England able-bodied men and women who at this very moment are producing 220 Flemish tacks hand-wrought, for that sum of one penny; each tack involving from twenty to thirty different manipulations. The question is, of course, which is more useful and valuable a commodity, the 166 words, or the 220 Flemish tacks? It should also be remembered that to pro- duce the 220 Flemish tacks, a certain outlay has to be made on fuel, repair of tools and rent. So we can console ourselves with the thought that the very worst sweating in the literary labour market is very much more lenient than in many other branches of industry. Here is a little drama of rural life which has been passing under my eyes recently, which I commend to the English Maupassant—or one of them. If people tell him that he has a morbid imagination, let him refer them to me. A village schoolmaster, who had lost his place by drunken- ness, came into a sum of money exceeding ,£1000. He placed this money in the bank, and announced in the public-house which he frequented that he intended to drink every penny of it. "And when it's all spent?" he is asked. "Then I shall hang myself." So he sets to work, and gets drunk regularly. He is often seen at mid-day lying in the ditch by the roadside; at nights he is wheeled home by brother topers in a barrow. The tree on which he intends to hang himself is designated, and one day, returning from the neighbouring town, he displayed the rope. He is pointed out to strangers, the story is told, and attention is called to the tree. It is an understood thing that, as soon as the money is all spent, the man will hang himself. Lately the money has been getting low, and the boys of the village now follow the man when he staggers homewards. This takes place in England of to-day. If French dramatic authors suffered formerly from the piracy of foreigners, they have been com- pensating themselves handsomely since the Berne Convention protected their property. In fact, unless the agents moderate their demands, the adapters in England and elsewhere will soon have to abandon the business as unremunerative. Fancy prices are the rule, and, in many cases, the performance of the adaptation has resulted in a dead loss. But dramatists the world over look to Paris for their light. I was much amused once to witness a transaction between an English dramatic author and the French dra- matic agent. My friend wanted to buy the English rights of a j>lay which had recently been produced in Paris, not because it had been a success—for it had been withdrawn after four performances—but because it contained one good scene, which could be admirably worked into a play which he was then writing. A similar scene, even more adaptable, was to be had in another French play, which had been produced at the same time. It was like buying a chair or a horse—all most business-like. "How much for so and so?" "Four thousand francs," said the agent. "That's a good deal." "You can take it or leave it." "You see, I only want one scene." "We can't cut up the material." "I thought perhaps Messrs. would accept ." "I can telephone to them at once if you wish, but I know it is quite useless." Then the agent telephoned. "Absolument impossible" was the answer—" absolutely impossible, as I told you." "Well, I'll see next door"—there was another agency on the same landing. "They have another play which would suit me even better." "As Monsieur likes." We went next door, and ## p. 42 (#452) ############################################# \2 THE AUTHOR. asked the price of the other play. "Eighteen thousand francs." So we returned to the first office, and there the business was completed. My friend got the rights, and has them still, for he was never able to make anything of his purchase to suit an English manager. The eighteen thou- sand franc goods, by the way, was disposed of the same day -next door, and cost the manager about as many pounds. When a young dramatic author writes a play in France he is certain that it will be read if he submits it to the management of one of the thidtres subventionnes, and that, if suitable, it will be produced. By graceful tradition it is custo- mary at the Francais and Odeon to grant his entrees to an author who has submitted a play even when this is not suitable, if it shows a certain standard of merit. In France there is every encouragement to write plays. This is perhaps the reason why so many good plays are written there. In England things are different, as I am told. A few days ago, I was driven by a violent storm to take refuge in a farmhouse. It was a big house, and the farmer seemed a prosperous agriculturist. His wife supplied me with tea and let me dry myself before the fire. She begged to be excused, as she had to attend to her butter; and as to the farmer, he had to absent himself also to do some- thing to the bullocks. So I asked the farmer's wife if she would lend me a book. "It doesn't matter what it is." "We have no books in the house." .And so it was. There was not a book of any sort, except the family Bible in the draw- ing room. They took in no papers. They had never heard of any of the great writers of England. The farmer had once read a storv about a miner. Et voilh! A day or two later it fell to me to escort a young lady home from an afternoon affair to a neighbouring town. She was very fond of reading. I asked her about her tastes. She had never heard of Dickens, she thought she knew a Mr. Reade, did he not let out bicycles at C ?and no, she had never read any- thing by Wilkie Collins. As to living authors— O, popularity and press cuttings !—there was not one of our great men whose name had penetrated so far. She might have read this book or that, she said, but she never troubled about the author's name. I do not think that this could be matched in France. May I, for this time, adopt a new signature? It is the way by which the writers of literary paragraphs in some of the English and American papers like to designate me when quoting from these pages. It is rather neat. "A Me. Shbeabd." P.S.—To-morrow we shall be able to send four ounces for a penny. What an impetus this will give to what the Americans call "the shooting of paper-bolts." Poor, poor editors! Four ounces for a penny! NOTES AND NEWS- THE death of Mrs. Oliphant will be to millions among those who speak and read our language the death of a personal friend, deeply loved. For nearly fifty years her busy pen has been running, her active brain has been at work. And her work has been always goo I: sometimes excellent: and sometimes of the very first order. There is little in English litera- ture that can surpass the greatness of conception, the skill of execution, the artistic atmosphere, the terror and the vividness of "The Beleaguered City," a book in which her imaginative power touched its highest point. Mrs. Oliphant wrote many books besides novels: they may be de- scribed as Impressions of History and Biography, rather than finished works—amoi;g them three monograms, on Dante, Cervantes, and Moliere, for her own series of "Foreign Classics for English Readers." These works may live or may die: probably they are already dead. The writer will be remembered for her novels. Out of these the world will select two or three, and the rest will be forgotten. It is the common lot: what more can a writer expect? Pity that so much good work should be lost: but posterity will be chiefly concerned with its own writers, its own art, and its own manners and customs. As for the two which will live, I venture to prophecy that they will be " The Beleaguered City " and "Salem Chapel." Mrs. Oliphant was a member of our Society from its foundation. She refused, however, a place on the Council on the ground of age- In the June number of The Autlwr a brief mention was made of a speech by Mr. Lecky— now, as all friends of literature are pleased to see, the Right Hon. W. E. H. Lecky—on the multipli- cation of books. We are bound to receive with the greatest respect any utterance of Mr. Lecky, but, surely, when he complains of the multiplica- tion of books he is confusing things. What would it matter, let us ask, if a hundred books a day were published? Simply nothing at all. In every branch of learning, science, and philosophy there are a few, and only a few, authorities: in the great field of history the writers whom the world will receive are limited to half a dozen or so; in poetry, the ## p. 43 (#453) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 43 ■world will only read the works of a dozen living writers; in fiction there are about two hundred, or two hundred and fifty at the outside, who succeed in getting a hearing; in essays and criticism the number who obtain any vogue is certainly not more than twenty or thirty. What happens, then, with the books which, it is com- monly and foolishly stated, "flood the market"? Nothing happens. The circulating libraries take a few copies : the publisher's name has a certain power of recommending a few more: the book- sellers do not "stock" them: they die. By far the greater number of published books have no life at all: they find no readers and no purchasers: the reviews mention them: they die. They cost, for the most part, very little to produce; by their extremely limited sale they pay their expenses with something over. Take for instance, our old friend the average 6*. book. An edition of a thousand copies can be produced, advertising and all, for about .£65. The cost of production is covered, allowing a shilling a copy for the author, by the sale of 5 20 copies. What possible ■effect upon the vast world of English readers— even upon the smaller world of London—even, again, upon the still smaller world of literary London—by a tiny circulation of 520copies? It may be argued that a book may have so small a sale, and yet be a book destined to live and to produce a great effect. If so, the effect must be produced by a vast increase of circulation. But, indeed, there are very few such books. If a good book of any kind in any branch be produced, it is speedily singled out and thrust into notice and popularity. __t In another part of the June number was an account of Mr. Herbert Paul's article in the Con- temporary Review on the English novel. It is a very remarkable thing how all people, in all pro- fessions, especially the men who do not write novels, are always ready to write about the modern novel. For my own part, if I were an •editor, I would have an article every month, always from the pen of a man more or less distinguished, on the English novel. I should begin with the Archbishop of Canterbury, who should tell us what a novel ought to be: the Bishop of London would certainly be able to tell us what a novel is: the Premier would probably delegate Mr. Arthur Balfour to write on the subject for him. From the Presidents of the College of Physicians, the College of Surgeons, the Law Institute, the Institute of Civil Engineers, and other learned bodies a great deal of light and learning could be expected. In a word, as the modern art of fiction was thus continually being examined and dissected, I would openly recog- nise the abiding interest of the subject by devoting to it a monthly article, and, to repeat, I would invite none but men of distinction to con- tribute. After going on for twenty years, however, no one would be one whit nearer to understanding how it is done. For, indeed, the art of holding an audience cannot be taught; the mechanical part may be taught, the magical part is personal. Mr. Herbert Paul is reported to have said in his article that Charles Reade and Wilkie Collins have fallen into oblivion. That is a great mistake. With these authors, as happens to all, the world has made a selection. Both of them wrote a great many novels: both of them survive in two — Wilkie Collins in "The Woman in White" and "The Moonstone," Charles Reade in "The Cloister and the Hearth" and "It is Never too Late to Mend." Of the latter two a cheap edition issued the other day went through 150,000 copies of each in three weeks. That does not look like oblivion. Lovers of Reade, whom I myself consider a writer very near to the highest place among English novelists, will not allow many others of his novels to fall into oblivion. These two writers, however, illustrate exactly what is said above about Mrs. Oliphant. First, to delight your own generation; then, to leave two books or so which shall still delight generations to come—what happier lot cimld man desire? I hope that readers of The Author will give a little more than passing attention to the " Pub- lisher's Vade Mecum," which appears on another page. It is a kind of "ready reckoner," which shows what discounts made to the trade really mean. Those who have taken an interest in the denials of our figures will remember that we have always maintained that the sum of 3*. 6d. repre- sents the average price obtained by the publisher for his 6s. book: that this statement has been stoutly denied: that we have published in these columns proofs that the estimate is strictly correct. We have now the paper in daily use among many of them, at least, which shows that on the 10 per cent, discount—the common one up to the latest intelligence — and counting thirteen as twelve, the price to the trade of the 6s. book is 3*. 5^<Z. Now, single copies are not sold thirteen as twelve, nor do they obtain discount, except "for the account." Their price is from 3». Sd. to 3«. lo^d., which, of course, runs up the 3*. ${d. very materially. From the other figures before me, some of which have been already given in The Author, I am convinced that in all agree- ments for the 6*. book the average trade price of 3*. 6d. may be accepted. As regards the cost of production, our own book on the subject is fairly good, but it wants to be brought down to the ## p. 44 (#454) ############################################# 44 THE AUTHOR. present time. Paper has gone down in price very greatly-. In another column (pp. 37, 38) will be found a comparison between an actual printer's estimate and our proposed cost. It will be found on examination that the proposed cost of is. on large editions must be materially reduced. The following lines have been sent me by an American reader. They appeared some years since in " Putnam's Papers." At a library desk stood some readers one day Crying " Novels, oh, novels, oh, novels!" And I said to them, " People, oh, why do yon Bay 'Give ns novels, oh, novels, oh, novels?' Is it weakness of intellect, people," I cried, "Or simply a space where the brains should abide t" They answered me not, or they only replied, "Give ns novels, oh, novels, oh, novelB!" Here are thousands of books that will do you more good Than the novels, oh, novels, oh, novels! Yon will weaken your brain with such poor mental food As the novels, oh, novels, oh, novels! Pray take history, mnsio, or travelB or plays, Biography, poetry, science, essays, Or anything else that more wisdom displays Than the novels, oh, novels, oh, novels! A librarian may talk till he's black in the face About novels, oh, novels, oh, novels! And may think that with patience he may raise the taste Above novels, oh, novels, oh novels! He may talk till with age his round shoulders ore bent, And the white hairs of time 'mid the black ones are sent; When he handB his report in, still seventy per oent. Will be novels, oh, novels, oh, novels! There is complaint about the illiteracy of under- graduates. WheD have they been, as a rule, any- thing but illiterate, as a body? What time or leisure has the undergraduate for books, when he has athlet ics to consider first and the examinations next? The bookish boy at school is an extremely i-are person: at the university he is just as rare. When one's attention is wholly occupied by other things, what room is there for literature, or art, or anything? Perhaps a defence of youthful illiteracy might be set up. Thus: It is very good for young men to practise manly sports; it is especially desirable that those who read, for the highest honours and are certain to become the intellectual leaders of their time, should be physi- cally fit for the work; there is not room for the pursuit of more than two subjects with absorption; if athletics is one subject, the Senate House is the other. And what becomes of literature? Well, in the after years, when sports have lost their attraction, when the profession has been entered upon and the great heat of study is over, when the quiet country vicarage gives many idle hours— then the illiterate undergraduate becomes uncon- sciously a reader, a student in literature, and sometimes even a writer. Walter Besant. THE SOCIETY AS A PUBLISHING COMPANY. IS the consideration of the possibility that the I.S.A. shall be their own publishers going to die out, I wonder? May I make a pro- position? I do so with extreme diffidence, for I am obscure and almost unknown in the world of letters. Will not some influential person take up my proposal? England has its Royal Academy, founded for the purpose of raising the status of artists; to consolidate their efforts; to provide means for presenting their work to Ihe public. 'Why should not England have its Royal Society of Authors too? And why should not its Royal Society of Authors publish the works of its own members; decide the status of writers; consolidate their efforts, and thus provide means for presenting their work to the public? That Her Majesty- would give her gracious sanction to the title one cannot doubt. The Queen, who has throughout her glorious reign endeavoured to promote the welfare of her people, would assuredly not—in this the sixtieth year of her rule—refuse her royal sanction to any scheme brought forward for the aid and furtherance of literature and talent in her land. Why, then, should not the members of the I.S.A. join together and make this Society an abid- ing monument to England, and a commemora- tion of Her Majesty's long reign? The painter must produce his best work ere he dare hope to find it hung in the Academy. So let the author strive to accomplish something worthy his Society ere he may hope to have it published by them. Art is encouraged—and rightly—-in every country, and in every age. Art, says Schiller, found man a savage, and makes him lord of nature. But, unhappily, if we are to judge from many publica- tions of recent years, we may be allowed to question whether the art of the present day (literary art, at any rate) is helping to develop "lords of nature." I remember how proud of my country men and women I used to feel, years ago, while living in Paris, when I heard, as I often did hear, the words: "Ah! Oui, c'est une traduction Anglaise; certainment vous pouvez la lire." Alas, for my English pride! Only the other day I read that, since the publication of certain books, the Germans have found it necessary to forbid the perusal, by young girls, of English novels. I feel very strongly on this point. Literature is one of the highest arts. To attain to anything worthy in any art there must be noble endeavour. There very often is, of necessity, self-sacrifice, and it is right that it should be so. It is only through trial that we can show the spirit of the true ## p. 45 (#455) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 45 artist; only through warfare that we can prove ourselves conquerors. We must accept the challenge if we would win the prize. Thus, in having to prove ourselves worthy to gain the help and countenance of a powerful society we should have to work. Let the "honour be won by good work and true—and by that alone. My suggestions are :— 1. That the I.S.A. unite and become a limited liability company. Shares of £i. 2. That works published by the Society be only such as tend to raise the tone of English literature. 3. That the members be limited to the number already on the list; new members enlisted only as old ones pass from the Society. 4. That an entrance fee of £1 be charged all new members, plus the annual subscrip- tion (unless the Committee sanction free entrance). 5. That a certain number (say fifty) of eminent writers be elected as members who have done honour to the cause of literature in England. These members to hold the highest honour as in L'Acadcmie Francaise. Is my scheme Utopian? I think not. With a few of our leaders at the head of such a move- ment, I feel convinced that before the end of this great Commemoration Year it would be almost, if not quite, un fait accompli. E. W. H. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD: DAY USE. ITS PRESENT ALL readers of The Author will be much indebted to Miss Meyer for her excellent article in the June number on the subjunc- tive, and very grateful for the labour expended in stalking this wily mood through the pages of so- many standard works. With the assistance of some figures which she has kindly allowed me to use, it will be possible, I think, to prove that, contrary to what Miss Meyer wrote, we are "nearer to a clear and succinct rule than before." Repeating her former summary:— Approximate number of words Author. Book. in book. E. Dowden Life of Sonthey 67,000 T. Hardy Pair of Blue Eyes 99,000 Henry James ... Daisy Miller 56,000 Andrew Lang ... Custom and Myth 68,000 W. E. H. Lecky History of Rationalism, vol. 1 102,000 The Egoist 190,000 On Compromise 57,000 Social Rights and Duties, vol. H 71,000 Men and Books 99.000 Life of Coleridge 60,000 George Meredith John Morley ,.. Leslie Stephen... L. Stevenson D. Trail Total 869,000 We find that in the ten volumes selected are approximately 900,000 words, and that there are only fifteen instances of the subjunctive mood of any other verb than the verb "to be," twelve of which are distributed among only three of the books, and hence three of the authors. That, in fact, its use is "exceedingly rare." Therefoi-e, we shall not be wrong in saying to beginners — for whom these articles were commenced — Only use the subjunctive mood of the verb "to be." Writers of years' standing, yearning, and only then, to employ it with other verbs may use it once in a volume, although the propor- tion of authors who do not use it at all would tend to show that this is an unwarranted frequency. The next point to arise, is when to use "to be" in this mood? The following figures which I have re-arranged may serve as. a guide: The verb " to be" after:— Dowden . Hardy ... . James Lang Leoky Meredith .. Morley Stephen .. Stevenson Traill Total If +Sub. 13 26 18 23 12 32 22 28 32 12 218 -Sub. 3 '4 '5 '5 '4 54 '5 7 >5 4 '55 Whether + Sub. 4 -Sub. Though Although Unless 1 As it were" ## p. 46 (#456) ############################################# 46 THE AUTHOR. The point for consideration here is, is it not justi- fiable to recommend to beginners that if a form of words can only be used on an average twice in a complete volume of a hundred thousand words it should be omitted entirely, especially when its correct usage entails a consideration so careful as to prohibit its easy employment? Bearing in mind the practical good of a simple rule, I think the answer should be—yes! This being granted, a very great simplification of the results of the foregoing table follows: The subjunctive of "to be" should only be used after "if" Tt should not be used after whether, though, although, unless. The column headed "as it were" is added as an illustration of the existence of one of Professor Skeat's "petrified phrases." Now, as "if" is used so many times, both with and without "to be" in the subjunctive, it becomes necessary to try and find out the reason for this varying practice. Miss Meyer's un- published analysis shows the following:— The subjunctive of "to be" is used after "if" — in hypothetical in- stances with real contingency 213 times. Where a definite assertion is withheld 44 „ Total ... 257 „ The subjunctive of "to be " is not used after "if "—in hypothetical instances without real contingency 62 times. When the style is familiar 55 „ Total ... 117 „ Passing from these general statements to par- ticulars, I find the following instances of its detailed use, which may be of interest to some readers, and possibly of use to those fond of statistics: If" and Were Be Total la Wan Are Am Total 5 4 9 0 2 0 O 2 Hardy 26 0 26 7 6 2 0 14 James 18 0 18 1 8 7 0 "5 Lang 6 24 30 3 6 6 0 IS 5 16 21 4 9 1 0 14 26 6 32 28 9 8 9 54 12 •5 27 •3 0 2 0 IS 7 37 44 3 1 3 0 7 20 H 34 S 7 2 1 IS Trail 10 6 16 1 3 0 0 4 Total I3S 122 257 65 Si 31 10 155 In conclusion—passing over some inconsistencies ■as unnecessarily complicating the argument—will some of those in authority favour the pages of TJie Author with their views upon the following suggested rule, which seems at least to represent the •current use of the subjunctive mood among some of our best present day writers, and hence help those who are not yet standing upon the highest rungs of the ladder of ltterature? SuOaKSTED EULE. (in hypothetical instances, use the suhjnnc- ) or tiveof "to be" DISILLUSION. You might, perhaps, have loved me yet— As angels loved before they fell— Bnt on a day of Fate we met, And meeting broke the spell. The poet should be like a bird That sings in May where woods are green, Divined by glimpses, gladly heard, But never plainly seen. H. G. K. Only after "If" use not where definite assertion is withheld, in hypothetical instances, without real contin- gency, or where the style is fami- liar. F. Howaed Collins. BOOK TALK DE. SAMUEL SMILES has recovered from his accident of a year ago, and is prepar- ing a new book of a character identical with that of " Self-Help" and his other works. Mrs. Humphry Ward is at work on a new novel. Mrs. Hodgson Burnett is engaged upon a new novel for publication in the autumn. ## p. 47 (#457) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 47 Mr. C. Arthur Pearson has become a publisher. He announces novels by Mr. H. G. Wells, Mr. Max Pemberton, Mr. W. W. Jacobs, Mr. Frankfort Moore, and Mr. G. B. Bargin. Madame Sarah Grand is writing a new novel, which will be a study of a woman's life from the cradle to the grave, and will probably introduce the subject of heredity. An account of a "Trip to Venus " has been written by Mr. John Munro, and will be published by Messrs. Jarrold and Sons. Mr. Lane announces a skit on Mr. Le Gallienne's romance "The Quest of the Golden Girl." The title will be "The Quest of the Gilt-Edged Girl," and the author, Richard De Lyrienne. Mr. Frederick Wedmore has prepared a selec- tion of "Poems of Love and Pride of England," which will be published early in July by Messrs. Ward, Lock, and Co. Mrs. Leith-Adams has written a novel entitled "Madelon Lemoine," which Messrs. Jarrold will publish. The late Mrs. Hungerford's last work, "The Coming of Chloe," will be issued early this month by Messrs. White. A story by Mr. Warren Bell will inaugurate the "Henrietta Volumes," a new library of fiction in paper covers which Mr. Grant Richards is publishing. Mr. Richards also publishes Mr. Grant Allen's new romance entitled " An African MiUionaire." Mr. David Hannay will write a volume on "The Later Renaissance" for the series on periods of European literature which Professor Saintsbury is editing and Messrs. Blackwood publishing. "Secretary to Bayne, M.P.," is the title of a story by Mr. Pett Ridge, to be published soon. Later on, " Mordemly," a novel treating of low life, will come from the same pen. Mr. Silas K. Hocking has completed a new story, called "God's Outcast," which will run in the Leistire Hour. Mrs. Annie S. Swan has finished a new Scotch story, entitled "The Curse of Cowden," which Messrs. Hutchinson will publish. Mr. Morley Roberts has a novel, entitled "Strong Men and True," in course of publication by Messrs. Downey and Co. Mr. Lewis Sergeant has written a work entitled "Greece in the Nineteenth Century," which will be published shortly by Mr. Fisher Unwin. Eighteen years ago Mr. Sergeant wrote "New Greece," which is long out of print, and so much as is applicable to the present time will be trans- ferred now to the new work. A large part of the new volume is devoted to the relations between Greece and the Powers during the last twenty years, and there is also an account of contempo- rary Greek literature. An account of the late Turco-Greek war by Mr. Clive Bigham, who was the Times correspondent with the Ottoman Army, will be published by Messrs. Macmillan, entitled "The Campaign in Thessaly." Mr. Demetrius Boulger is engaged upon a new "Life of Sir Stamford Raffles," for which he has the sanction and co-operation of the Raffles, family. The book will contain a large number of new letters and other documents, and will be issued by Messrs. Horace Marshall and Sons early in October. Mr. Leonard Huxley is making good progress, with the biography of his father. Mr. Andrew Lang's Christmas book for 1897 is to be called the " Pink Fairy Book." In the sonnet printed in The Author last month (on page 14), line three should have been " His own, or flout," not " flount." The Right Hon. (as he now is) Sir Herbert Maxwell, M.P., and Mr. F. G. Aflalo are to edit an Anglers' Library. The first volume in the series will be on "Coarse Fish," by Mr. C. H. Wheeley. Messrs. Lawrence and Bullen are the publishers. Messrs. J. M. Dent and Co. now become the publishers of the monthly review, Natural Science. The anniversary meeting of the Scottish branch of the Franco-Scottish Society will be held in Edinburgh from the 12th to the 17th inst. Among the papers to be read are "The Influence of Scottish Philosophy upon the French," by Professor Boutroux; "The Teaching of French Literature in Scottish and English Universities," by Dr. Sarolea; and "Le Mouve- ment Neo-Hellenique dans la Litterature Fran- caise," by Professor Croiset. "Through Finland in Carts," Mrs. Alec Tweedie's new book of travel, is now ready. It is published by Messrs. A. and C. Black. There are nineteen full-page illustrations. Mrs. Tweedie has not simply gone first to a hotel and then read up all the books about Finland; she has lived among the people, and learned their life and their ways of thought, and of manners. The volume contains her experiences and an estimate of a people very little known by Western Europe. ## p. 48 (#458) ############################################# 4« THE AUTHOR. Mr. Robert Sherard's new novel "Uncle Christopher's Treasure" has been re-christened. It will be published in the autumn by the Messrs. Pearson under the title of "The Magpie House." Mr. J. LI. Warden Page has completed his ''North Coast of Cornwall." It is to be pub- lished this month, in time for the tourists and the holidav-makers. Mr. W. Crofton Hemmons, of Bristol, publishes Mr. Page's work. All lovers .of the west country know Mr. Page's " Dartmoor" and the " Coasts of Devon and Lundy" (Horace iCox). The autobiography of Nelson, the Common- place Book of Robert Burns, and five original manuscripts of poems and novels by Sir Walter Scott, were sold by auction on the 15th ult. by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge. The Nelson lot included not only the autobiography, but autograph letters to John McArthur, corre- spondence with Earl Nelson and Lady Nelson, a full-length tinted lithograph portrait (one-armed) a sketch of the ball which killed Lord Nelson, and a complete transcript of the "Memoir" for the press—thirty-three articles in all. The collection was bought for <£iooo by Messrs. Sotheran. A collection of twenty-three autograph letters from Nelson to his friend Admiral Sir Thomas Trowbridge fetched ,£280. Of the Scott manuscripts "The Lady of the Lake" 1810 realised £1290; a portion of " Tales of a Grandfather," <£io6; the introductory essay on "Popular and Ballad Poetry," "Halidon Hill," and "Doom of Devorgoil," =£62; "Old Mortality," <£6oo; the original manuscript of "Castle Dangerous," dictated by Scott to his amanuensis, W. Laidlaw, but with numerous corrections and additions in the author's hand, £32. The Burns Commonplace Book or Private Journal, commenced by Burns on April 9, 1787, and consisting of thirty-eight pages of the poet's handwriting, in capital preservation, sold for £365. Mr. James Payn is publishing, through Messrs. Downey, a new novel entitled "Another's Burthen." Mr. David Pryde, author of "Pleasant Memo- ries of a Busy Life," has written a study of life and character in the east of Scotland—or, rather, in the " kingdom " of Fife. It will be published l>v Messrs. Morison Brothers, Glasgow, under the title "The Queer Folk of Fife." The first volume in a series upon Historical Women will be published immediately by the Roxburghe Press. It will be "Victoria, Queen and Empress," written by Mr. Richard Davey. Mr. Wickham Flower has finished a little volume in the defence of an old reading in Dante's "Inferno," and the work will be published shortly by Messrs. Chapman and Hall. The fourth volume of the series of "Periods of European History," published by Messrs. Rivington, Percival, and Co., will be "Europe in the 16th Century," by Mr. A. H. Johnson, M.A., Historical Lecturer to Merton, Trinity, and Uni- versity Colleges, Oxford. It will be published immediately. Messrs. Hutchinson and Co. have in hand a volume of poems by Miss Helen Marion Burnside, with a title-page designed by the author, which will be issued in the autumn. Miss Burnside has also written two tales for children, entitled respectively "The Little V.C." and "The Adventures of a Postage Stamp," which will be published by Messrs. Thomas Nelson and Sons. The Queen has been pleased to accept the original copy of Surgeon-Colonel John Mac- Gregor's Jubilee poems, entitled "Victoria Maxima et Victoria Regina," which were specially mounted and embroidered by Mrs. MacGregor. Some of the poems were written for the present celebration, and some ten years ago, in honour of the previous Jubilee of 1887, when the author was on active service in Upper Burmah during the late Burmese War. We believe it is intended to publish them shortly in combination with other poems by the same author. Mr. Mark Twain's book on his tour round the world is finished, and will appear in the autumn. The scenes of Mr. Gilbert Parker's forthcoming novel are laid in the French-Canadian village of Bonaventure, and the period is that of the abor- tive rising under Louis Papineau, who aimed at establishing une nation Canadienne on the banks of the St. Lawrence. The two leading characters in the novel are Tom Ferrol, an attractive Irish rapscallion, and Christine Lavilette, a charming French-Canadian girl. The title of the book is "The Pomp of the Lavilettes," and it will be published shortly. The business of Messrs. Osgood, Mcllvaine, and Co., publishers, Lonr on, has been amal- gamated with that of Messrs. Harper Brothers, New York, and will in future bear the latter name. The Jubilee articles for the Illustrated London Ncics and the Queen were written by the editor of this paper. He also wrote for a Chicago firm a short volume on the Sixty Years' Reign. This work has been produced in this country by the ## p. 49 (#459) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 49 Globe. It was written for American readers, who, as a general rule, are wonderfully misinformed on the government and social order of this country. ■Consequently, it contains certain passages which may appear superfluous to English readers. The editor is also under contract to deliver to Messrs. Chapman and Hall a story of the ordinary one volume length before the end of September. It will be finished, it is hoped, in the month of August. Mr. Walter Pollock, in collaboration •with Miss Lilian Mowbrey, has produced a roman- tic play in five acts, entitled "King and Artist" —William Heinemann. The period is the year 1540. Benvenuto Cellini is one of the principal (characters. CORRESPONDENCE. I.—Translitebation. THIS once thorny subject—which Sir W. Hunter rendered plain in India some twenty years ago — has been rearing its prickles in the European newspaper press since the recrudescence of Graeco-Turkish conflict. Almost every principal nation has its own way •of pronouncing vowels and consonants, and this leads to impenetrable darkness when the .correspondents and editors try to express, each in the fashion of his country, the sounds of names—mostly Arabic — of which they do not know the meaning. To make the matter worse, the representatives of the London papers attempt to spell Turkish names as they hear them pro- nounced by foreigners, until it becomes difficult, -even for well-educated people, to make out what may be the designation intended to be conveyed. We hear of Edhem Pacha and Sey Foola Beg, of Nedgib and Eedschid, and have to enter into abstruse reflection and calculation before we can ascertain what our well-intentioned informants wish us to understand. The evil proceeds from the varying use of letters. Thus, the French use ch for s/t, dj for j, e for a; the Germans express the Arabic jim by dsch; Italy has her own fashions, not very different from the French. Surely, it is desirable that some common system of transliteration should be adopted, by which an English or American reader could be guided to some dim conception of the names and titles of distinguished Orientals. The Russians transliterate like the French, and the English system is peculiar to ourselves, so that it may not prove easy to decide which of the various methods is to be adopted. But that is urely a point of convention; only let some efinite code be adopted, and scrupulously followed by all the journalists of Christendom. It will be of no importance whatsoever whether the mysterious words be transliterated after this or that fashion, so long as uniformity be pre- served. Surely a congress might sit and settle the details. H. G. K. [On this important subject perhaps the follow- ing experience may prove useful. Many years ago the Palestine Exploration Society found itself face to face with the same difficulty. Every man who worked for them in Syria followed his now method of transliteration in his reports. The result was bewildering. Finally, the committee resolved that the method adopted by Dr. Robin- son, the American traveller, should be followed in all their printed documents. The result was that their readers were no longer confused.—W. B.] II.—The Mockeby of Realism. Mr. Howard Collins's article on the subjunctive reminds me of an appeal that I made to you some months ago on the subject of an authority for the protection of the good old language com- monly called "the Queen's English." From Addison to Macaulay writers were content to follow certain acknowledged rules: words, of course, were added from time to time as new ideas arose or new objects were created, but the grammatical structure conformed to established standards, and—except in the case of royal or noble authors—one was usually able to under- stand what was meant. Setting aside Queen's Speeches, diplomatic despatches, and the like, where ambiguity might be intentionally caused, the adherence to these rules and standards brought the meaning of printed matter home to all men and women of average culture and intelli- gence. But it is no longer so in our modern days of universal "education." Literature now means novel-writing, and novels—if they are to be profitable—must be written for the third-class passenger and the board school alumnus; with what consequences we can see. As in the days of Horace: Soribimus indocti dooidqne. The mass and multitude of readers run as they read, and only ask to be amused; and that can be done by and as well as by- Thackeray or Meredith. Another curious result is the extraordinary etiquette as to topics. You may be almost as paradoxical and heterodox as you like if you will only maintain a discreet reserve and primness of manner. There is a convention, for example, that no reference is ever to be made to a certain P (1 ## p. 50 (#460) ############################################# 5° THE AUTHOR. portion of the human frame; motives may be Belfish and conduct lawless, but people must be painted in kit-cat. Dr. Conan Doyle has said of this that the modern fiction-writer never hits below the belt. But it is not altogether a ques- tion of hitting; a touch of friendliness is as bad. You may talk as much as ever you please about brain work or even of brain-fever; your charac- ters may have all sorts of sentiments in their breasts, and pulmonary phthisis has its allotted share of romantic pathos; the heart is supreme by old tradition, and even its diseases are ad- missible; the death of Svengali, has it not thrilled two continents? The legs and feet may be under a cloud in the United States, but are not quite unmentionable; in English fiction they are even cultivated. But the engine-room, the place of the machinery and propelling power, is everywhere tabu; excepting to those vulgar folk who talk of "pluck," and of "white-livered scoundrels," and call a spade " a spade." Yet, if you come to think of it, the region between the diaphragm and the pelvis contains the seat of all we do or suffer. A man could live awhile with tubercles on his lungs, heart- complaint and softening of the brain; but take away the healthy life of the region in question, and you will soon see a paralysis of the pre- sumptuous " higher " organs. It may not be amiss for the romantic school to describe the adven- tures of cherubs, but it is the most hollow mockery of realism to ignore the primary instincts which are the basis of all our actions. H. K. III.—The Need of a Literary Bureau. In conversation this week with an editor of a notable paper, we agreed as to the usefulness of an establishment where editors could at once lay their hands on what they wanted, and authors could find an immediate outlet and market for their work. Consider what time an editor might save by not having to wade through a mass of MSS. in order to discover suitable matter, and how the author would be benefited by knowing the exact periodical where his poem, article, dialogue, or story would be accepted. At present he gropes blindly in the darkness of uncertainty. The majority of writers, unless on the regular staff of a paper, heedlessly send their work about on a postal- roaming expedition, to seek a haven where it might be generously welcomed and paid for. What heartaches, disappointments, tribulations, the long-suffering community of scribblers might save if a competent distributing agency would only do this work for them! Looking at the matter from a commercial— often the necessary—standpoint, it seems to me that the rules which govern manufacturers of any commodity ought also to apply to the products of the brain. For instance, a manufacturer of nails deals with the wholesale house or middleman who supplies the shops, instead of selling his nails to the latter. Why, then, is there not a literary middleman who can at once dispose of an author's wares? In France such institutions are common. There are bureaus where even plays, songs, and musical pieces are distributed where they are needed; it is therefore surprising that what is deemed necessary in France should be completely ignored in this country. I believe the matter has been often broached in The Author, but as yet no one has had the courage or the spirit to carry out what would prove a boon to editors and contributors. The bureau could be made profitable, the editor and author paying a yearly subscription, whilst the latter would not grudge 10 per cent, com- mission to secure an immediate profitable customer. The Authors' Society might, I think, with their knowledge and experience easily further or bring this undertaking to a practical issue. They have helped, they have advised, they have protected the writers of books, and opened their eyes, to the greed of rapacious publishers; but to found and successfully inaugurate a practical institution of this kind would prove their crowning usefulness. Isidore G. Abcher. IV.—Mutual Help amono Writers. The communication from " An Occasional Con- tributor," in the June number of The Author opens up a wide field for possibilities of mutual self-help among the portion of the community— members of the Society and others—engaged in literary work. Why should not literary people, whether known actually personally to one another or not, communicate their various personal expe- riences, give and take advice, or otherwise, direct through the Society or post? Much disappoint- ment might be avoided, many of the pit-falls which beset the path of a young author might be escaped. Much mutual work might be accom- plished, many pleasant and useful literary friend- ships might be the result. Although in no way seeking an advertisement, or making any claim to a literary standing, yet the quarter of a century or so connection that I have had more or less with literary work may enable me to counsel usefully on many points those who are mere beginners or have had less; and that advice I should ever be ## p. 51 (#461) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. pleased to give. On the other hand, I am only :stul a, learner, and shall be till the end of my days, .and shall be just as glad often to ask and receive ;advice as T shall be to give it. Thomas W. D. Lisle. Amesbury, Salisbuiy. PERSONAL. AMONUMENT to the late Joseph Thomson, the African explorer, was unveiled at his native place—Thornhill, Dumfriesshire— last month by Sir Clements Markham, president of the Royal Geographical Society. Mr. William Holden, custodian of the Grenville Xiibrary at the British Museum, has retired on a pension, having passed fifty years in the service of the Trustees. Mr. Qeorge Smith is about to give a dinner to the contributors to the "Dictionary of National Biography," in celebration of the completion of the list of names. Vol. 52, issued last week, in- cluded the articles on Shakspeare, by Mr. Sidney Lee; Scott, by Mr. Leslie Stephen; and Seeley, by Professor Prothero. Mr. Henry James has become London corre- spondent with Harper's Weekly. Mrs. Olive Schreiner has been obliged by indisposition to leave London and to seek com- plete rest at a quiet seaside place. The Women Writers of England held their annual dinner at the Criterion Restaurant, London, on June 14; Mrs. Steel presided, and spoke upon the ethics of literature. There were many things in the commercial aspect of literature, she said, that even men acknowledged to be wrong, and which might be amended if women would be both bold and honest, now they had got their say. Miss Montresor proposed the toast of "Absent Friends," and Mrs. Creighton subsequently made a speech on the pleasures of research. The com- pany included also Mrs. J. R. Green, Mrs. Thackeray Ritehie, Miss M. A. Dickens, Mrs. Meade, Miss Mary Kingsley, Mrs. Clifford, "Edna Lyall," and Miss Adeline Sergeant. At the out- set of the dinner, after "The Queen" had been honoured, the following telegram was despatched: "A hundred and twenty women writers, at their -annual dinner, humbly and heartily congratulate Victoria, Queen, Empress, and authoress, on her Diamond. Jubilee." OBITUARY. MRS. OLIPHANT died on the 25th ult., at her house at Wimbledon, from cancer. Born at Walliford, near Musselburgh, Midlothian, in 1828, she began to write in 1849, when "Passages in the Life of Margaret Mait- land" appeared. She rapidly obtained a foothold among fiction readers, and subsequently traversed also the fields of popular biography and history. Altogether she had written about 100 books, among which may be mentioned " The Chronicles of Carlingford," " It was a Lover and His Lass," "The Prodigals," "Diana Trelawny," "Neigh- bours on the Green," "Sir Robert's Fortune," "Old Mr. Tredgold," "Life of Edward Irving," "Memoir of the Life of Laurence Oliphant and of Alice his Wife," "Memoir of Count Montalem- bert," "Francis of Assisi," "Jeanne d'Arc," "Historical Sketches of the Reign of Queen Anne," "Royal Edinburgh," "The Makers of Venice," "The Makers of Florence," "The Makers of Modern Rome," "The Literary History of England in the End of the Eighteenth and Beginning of the Nineteenth Century," and a "Child's History of Scotland." She also con- tributed " Molicre" and "Cervantes" to Black- wood's series of Foreign Classics for English readers, edited by herself, and "Sheridan" to the English Men of Letters Series. Only recently she published two stories, entitled "Two Ways of Life," and wrote a biography of the Queen for the Diamond Jubilee number of the Graphic. She was engaged upon a " History of the Blackwood Group," which was to run to three or four volumes, two of which are practically ready for publication. She was a frequent contributor to Blackwood's Magazine, in which many of her novels originally appeared. Mrs. Oliphant, whose maiden name was Wilson, was pre- deceased by her husband and two sons. RE-OPENING OF THE BRONTE. MUSEUM.- Apeil 10, 1897. Tf^HE following report, written for The Author, I has been unavoidably delayed. Readers will rather hear about the Bronte Museum late than never:— Moorside Haworth is said to be uncouth and rugged, but at least she has learned the elements of hospitality. Dr. Robertson Nicoll and Mr. Clement Shorter, not coutent with the hard work they have already done in the interests ## p. 52 (#462) ############################################# 52 THE AUTHOR. of Bronte lore, wished to add one more to their efforts; and Haworth generously put by her winds and rain for the time being, and gave them as cheery weather as they could have hoped for. A sympathetic crowd assembled in front of the museum doors at three o'clock. Mr. Shorter briefly declared the museum re-opened for the summer, after which everyone dispersed in the direction of the moors. Mr. Wade, the rector, was most courteous in his willingness to show the visitors the rectory. In the evening a well-attended meeting was held in the Baptist schoolroom. Mr. Brigg, in the chair, performed his duties cheerily and well, and, in introducing the author of "Charlotte Bronte and Her Circle" to the audience, he had a singularly pleasant task. Mr. Shorter struck a true note when he claimed to be at home amongst us. From the start there could be no doubt as to the reception in store for him from those who had read the biography, and I think we abandoned for the time being our prerogative as Yorkshiremen to express a little less than we feel. His speech, dwelling as it did on a subject of which he has shown himself the master, could not fail to be interesting; nothing could have been happier than the chatty way in which he talked to us, as a friend among friends. Mr. Shorter expressed a lively desire to see the Bronte biography re-written once for all, and that by a Yorkshireman and a literary artist. If Mr. Shorter himself is possessed only of the latter of these two essentials, it is surely our misfortune rather than his fault that another soil is respon- sible for him. Dr. Robertson Nicoll followed with a speech of rare power. There was something very con- vincing in the quiet, well-chosen periods in which he gave expression to his enthusiasm — an enthusiasm which has led him to do more for Bronte literature, perhaps, than any literary man of the age. Dr. Nicoll laid stress on the hard- ships through which the Bronte family passed; on the unfailing heroism and strength under trial exhibited by the three sisters; on the remarkable union of these with the power of feeling passion, the power of restraining passion, and the power of giving it an outlet in literary form. He gave credit to the moor-environment of Haworth for suggesting all that was strongest and best in the Bronte novels, and claimed that the sisters, despite accidents of birth, were essentially Yorkshire in character, habits, and associations. As the upshot of the meeting, one thing is abundantly clear—the Brontes live to-day as they never lived in their own time. There is nothing easier of diagnosis than mock enthusiasm, and at the same time there is no doubting the genuine fervour which once in a while we find reflected in the faces of an audience. Little Haworth, wild, provincial to the heart, has pro- duced literature that will only die with the language; of her ruggedness has been born strength, from her tenderness has sprung im- mortality. Halliwell Sutcliffe. A NOTE PROM BUCELE. THE following note may be read by those who doubt the existence or the importance of a love for literature among the people:— "The extension of knowledge being thus accompanied by an increased simplicity in the manner of its communication, naturally gave rise to a greater independence in literary men, and a greater boldness in literary inquiries. As long as books, either from the difficulty of their style or from the general incuriosity of the people, found but few readers, it was evident that authors must rely upon the patronage of public bodies or of rich and titled individuals. And as men are always inclined to flatter those upon whom they are dependent, it too often happened that even, our greatest writers prostituted their abilities by fawning upon the prejudices of their patrons. The consequence was that literature, so far from disturbing ancient superstitions and stirring up the mind to new inquiries, frequently assumed a timid aHd subservient air, natural to its subordi- nate position. But now all this was changed. Those servile and shameful dedications; that mean and crouching spirit; that incessant homage to mere rank and birth; that constant confusion between power and right; that ignorant admira- tion for everything which is old, and that still more ignorant contempt for everything which is new; all these features became gradually fainter , and authors, relying upon the patronage of the people, began to advocate the claims of their new allies with a boldness upon which they could not have ventured in any previous age." ## p. 53 (#463) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 53 LITERATURE IN THE PERIODICALS. Woman's Place in the World of Letters. Mrs. J. B. Green. Nineteenth Century for June. Poetry and the Jubilee: A Temptation for Mil- lionaires. Richard Le Gallienne. Westminster Gazette for Jane a i. Self-Consciousness in Poetry. The Spectator of Jnne 12. School of Fiction. Mrs. Meade and Sir W. Besant. New Century Revietv for Jnne. The Real Monsieur D'Artaqnan. Sir Herbert Maxwell. Blackwood's Magazine for June. Oxford and Jowett. A. M. Fairbairn, D.D. Contem- porary Review for June. The Abuse of Dialect. Matmilla n's for Jnne. Our Men of Letters and Our Empire. W. Gress- well. Temple Bar for Jnne. A Plea for the Study of Sonnets. Emily G. Kemp. Temple Bar for Jnne. Notable Beview. Francis Thompson's " New Poems." Daily Chronicle for May 29. Woman remains essentially mysterious, even in her literary venture, says Mrs. J. R. Green; she does not come forward unprotected and bare to attack, but she covers her advance with a whole machinery of arrow-proof bides and wooden shelters, or seeks safety in what is known in Nature as protective mimicry. The problem of this precaution and disguise is not to be solved by merely accounting for a prudent demeanour, which may be explained by timidity, self-distrust, a sensitive vanity, and hatred of criticism. "To the truth first pointed out by Schopenhauer— that there is another and a greater force than Thought in the Universe, namely, the force of Will—woman remains the living witness." Here are her perplexities as Mrs. Green states them :— She is haunted by a twofold experience. Primitive emotions and instincts that rise from abysses of Nature where she herself is one with the world that lies below con- sciousness, carry with them an authority so potent and tyrannical that she is impelled to rank them above all functions of intelligence. On the other hand, a rude and ruthless discipline warns her that these are but the raw material with which Nature works, lopping off here, and cutting down there, everything that pnshes above the sanctioned level. By a thousand indications, too. Life mocks her with the awful panorama of emotion continually swept before the power of common realities of the world life shifting sand driven before the storm— nothing stable that is not comprehended. Nowhere is the bewildering civil strife of Nature, the battle that is with confused noise and garments rolled in blood, stranger or less intelligible than in the devastated field of woman's experience. With the exceptions, it may be said, of Mrs. Hutchinson, Mrs. Catherine Macaulay, and Mme. de Stael, woman has left on one side, or only- skirted, the fields of theological, metaphysical, and political speculation, an aloofness which is possibly of the same character as her detachment from the whole classic world. "The Modern Englishwoman has in no way been subdued to the civilisations of Greece and Rome; her cry still resounds: 'Let them see no wisdom but in Thy eternal law, no beauty but in holiness.'" Perhaps woman is never quite self-forgetful enough for frank expression of her feeling, save under the passionate impulse of poetry. True, such prose writers as Charlotte Bronte and George Eliot at the height of their argument overleap common bounds; "but," says Mrs. Green, " it may be doubted whether there is any woman save Christina Rossetti (and, within her own limits, Emily Bronte), whose sincerity has never faltered, and whose ardent soul has- constantly scorned to wear the livery of any pas- sion save its own." Woman is an anarchist of the deepest dye; she has allied herself with the poor, and all who like herself were seeking some- thing different from that which they knew, and the two great religions which have expressed tha feminine side of feeling, the Buddhist and the Christian, have been sustained by her ardour; Stoicism has been routed, and the enormous value supposed to attach to each separate being, the importance of life and death, have been given a prominence such as was never before known— and this has been mainly done by woman, who is herself perhaps Nature's chief witness to the truth that humauity is not the centre of the universe. And the future? The feminine as opposed to the masculine forces in the modern world are becoming more and more decisive in human affairs; but " if woman is to deliver her true message, or to be the apostle of a new era, she must throw aside the curiosity of the stranger and the licence of the anarchist. The history and philosophy of man must be the very alphabet of her studies, and she must speak the language of the world to which she is the high ambassador, not as a barbarian or foreigner, but as a skilled and fine interpreter. From culture she must learn deeper lessons than ' Taste,' and the Reason which in the last resort must give stability to the shadows projected by her instinct must be hon- ourably reckoned with." May not poor poetry presume to be " like things of the season gay 'r1" asks Mr. Le Gallienne. He is pleading for an adequate recognition, at this Jubilee season, of the fact that in nothing has the Victorian era juster reason to pride itself than in its literature. Novelists live in castles, build mansions for themselves, and are generally self-supporiing; for the most part poets must either be supported, or, in the process of earning their honest livings, surely and swiftly cease to be poets. The poet only wants to be fed—not for idleness, but, like every other worker, for the ## p. 54 (#464) ############################################# 54 THE AUTHOR. service he does the community. State support being out of the question—" a proposal more appropriate for the Millennium than the Jubilee" —Mr. Le Gallienne addresses his appeal less to the nation than to the nation's millionaires. To these he shows such a way of originality in the spending of their money as will lift them at once out of the mere rabble of millionaires. He puts it thus: ft year's rest for these men, 0 millionaires, a year's rest —to work in. How easy it were for you to give them all five years' rest—to work in, mind!—a whole life's rest. With the stroke of a pen yon conld endow all the genius that deserves and needs endowment; yon conld be the virtual founders of Twentieth Century English Litera- ture! .£50,000 invested at 4 per cent, would provide eight poets with JB250 a year for life; and what is £50,000, seriously speaking, to pay for the honour of doing so great a servioe to your country? . . . Have you not said that you would spend more on your stables than the sum I . ask? Or if one of you cannot Bee your way, how about a syndicate of Maecenases P The Spectator differs a little from Professor Courthope in the examples he has cited of the "vast growth of individual self-consciousness" as one of the main causes of the poetical deca- dence. The poets were Matthew Arnold, Algernon Swinburne, and Eudyard Kipling. As to the latter two, the Spectator "should not have thought that, whatever their faults may be, there was any exaggerated element of self-conscious- ness in either of them "; and as to Arnold, with whom the article deals principally, the writer argues that the "individual self-consciousness" in his poems was not of the kind fatal, or other- wise than exalting, to his genius as a writer, and that, in fact, Wordsworth is often guiltier of the fatal kind of self-consciousness — that which throws up the oddities and unmeaning eccentri- cities of individuals, instead of bringing out more fully the characteristics of human nature at large—than Arnold. As evidences that the self-consciousness is not of the kind which dwells on what is petty and egotistic in the poet's mind, the writer instances " Empedocles on Etna," and the lines in " The Scholar Gipsy " which express the craving of the Oxford student for a calm life. Pidgin English is discussed by Colonel Shaw (in an article in the New Revieie for May, which we had no space to notice last month), who locates the birthplace of this dialect as Canton. It is so easily learned that it i3 popular with the native hangers-on of the English. English merchants find it profitable too, because while it takes six years to learn the Chinese language (which has eighteen dialects, in addi- tion to the Mandarin, or Court, dialogue), Pidgin can be acquired in as many months—and it serves -their turn. At Hong Kong, in spite of official discountenance, Canton English still holds its own. At Canton and various coast settlements the Chinese have regular schools and classes in which it is taught, and it is believed that similar arrangements exist, under the rose, in our colony of Hong Kong itself. The vocabulary is made up of three classes of words: (1) words purely English; (2) words purely Chinese, a very small proportion; and (3) words of doubtful parentage. The word •' pidgin" means "business." Thus "joss-pidgin" is divine worship; "singsong pidgin," theatricals; "coolie-pidgin," work of a labourer; "too muchie pidgin," press of work. "My" stands for " I or me "; "you" is used as in English; "he" does duty for he, him, she, her, or it. There are no genders. The possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by the addi- tion of the word "belong," so that "belong to pidgin" means "his or her business." "That" and " this " are used much as in English, but the former also takes the place of our "the." "Number one" is the phrase for excellence or superiority either in a person or a thing. Thus, the Bishop of Victoria is ordinarily described in Hong Kong as "that number one heaven-pidgin man." When the youth in the missionary school is puzzled by difficulties in the study of pure English, he is apt to seek refuge in the easier Pidgin, and it is told of one convert that he could not be made to understand the Psalm for the day: "Why do the heathen so furiously rage together:" until his European teacher rendered the line into Chinese, when as the meaning dawned upon him he broke out, to the great scandal of all present: "My savee: what for that Heathen man makee too muchie bobbely." The popularity of the dialect is remarkable, although in the Colonial Government schools at Hong Kong every possible effort is made in the opposite direction :— It is spoken not only by the English residents in com- municating with their servants and employees, but also by the merchants and visitors to China of all other nations. The Dutch captains who voyage to Hong Kong from Batavia, with little knowledge of our pure vernacular, are often excel- lent hands at Pidgin. The French and Germans make use of it with few exceptions, and learn it on arrival quite as a distinct study. In the New Century Mrs. Meade replies to criticism of the proposed '• school of fiction," holding that it would serve to weed o.it the incapable, the weak, and the commonplace novelists; and Sir Walter Besant states his opinion that a " School of Literature and Com- position" would raise the standard of literary art, and allow clever young writers to have a systematic study of English literature, style, logic, and the art of putting things. ## p. 55 (#465) ############################################# THE AUTHOR. 55 Sir Herbert Maxwell gives an account in Black- tcood's of the real D'Artagnan, from whose memoirs Dumas's famous trilogy was written. He was a great intriguer, a great lover, and a great warrior. "You will always be the same, Sir," said Mazarin to him; "the first petticoat— and serious matters fly out of the window." THE BOOKS OF THE MONTH. [Mat 24 to June 23—219 Books.] Adams, D. C. 0., and Carter. T. T. The Salnta and Missionaries of the Anglo-Saxon Era. First series. Mowbray. Allen, Grant Cities of Belgium. (Historical Guide). 8/6 net. Richards. Allen, James Lane. The Choir Invisible. 6/- Macmillan. Ames, P. W. The Mirror of the Sinful Soul. A translation by Queen Elizabeth when eleven years of age. 10 6 net. Afiher. Anglican Pulpit Library. Vol. VI:—The SnndajB after Trinity. 15/- H odder and Stoughton. Armstrong, Lord. Electric Movement in Air and Water, with Theoretical Inferences. 30/- net. Smith, Elder. Armstrong, G. F. S. Queen, Empress, and Empire. Poem. 6/- Marcus Ward. Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society. Art and Life and the Building and Decoration of Cities. 6/- Rivington, Percival. Avellng, F. W. Who was Jesus Christ? and other Questions. 6'- Kegan Paul- Aubyn, Alan St. The Wooing of May. 8/6. White. Baker, II. F. Abel's Theorem nod the Allied Theory, including the Theory of the Theta Functions. 2-1/- net. 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PAET L OURn I.—The Land of Gold and the Way there. „ II.—Across Desert and Veldt. „ 1IL—Johannesburg the Golden. IV. —A Transvaal Coach Journey. V. —Natal: the South African Garden. „ VI—Ostracised In Africa. Home with the Swallows. PART II —RAMBLES IK RHODESIA. Chapter I.—Eendragt Maakt Magt. ,, II.—Into the Country of Lobengula. „ III.—The Trail of War. „ IV.—Qoldmining, Ancient and Modern. „ V.—Sic Transit Gloria Mundi. „ VI—To Northern Masbonaland. ,. VIL—Primitive Art. The Misadventures of a Wagon. Index. London: Hora.cs Cox. Windsor House, Bream's-bnildings, K.C. Crown 8vo., cloth boards, price 6b. HATHERSAGE: A Tale of North Derbyshire. BY CHARLES EDMUND HALL, Author of " An Ancient Ancestor," &c. In demy 8vo,, price 12s. net, by post 12s. 6d. Six Months in a Syrian Monastery. Being the Record of a Visit to the Headquarters of the Syrian Church in Mesopotamia, with some account of the Yazidis, or Devi Worshippers of Mosul, and El Jilwah, their Sacred Book. By OSWALD II. 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By F. DALE PAWLE, London: Horace Cox, Windsor House, Bream's-buildings, E.C. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo., limp cloth, 2s. fid. net; pontage, 3d. extra. THE PRINCIPLES OP CHESS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. JAMES '"MASON. CONTENTS. — 1. Elements of Chess. 2. General Principles. 3. Combination. 4. Exposition of Master Play Complete. London: Horace Cox, Windsor House, Bream's-buildings, E.C. MRS. GILL, TYPE-WBITINO OFFICE, 35, LUDGATE HILL, E.C. (ESTABLISHED 1883.) Authors' MSS. carefully copied from Is. per 1000 words. Duplicate copies third price. Skilled typists sent out by hour, day, or week. French MSS. accurately copied, or typewritten English translations supplied. References kindly permitted to Sir Walter Besant; alBO to MesBrs. A. P. Watt and Son, Literary AgentB, Hastings House, Norfolk-streot, Strand, W.O. THE AUTHOR'S HAIRLESS PAPER-PAD. (The Leadenhall Pbess Ltd.), 50, Leadenhall Street, London, TC.C Contains hairless paper, over which the pen slips with perfect freedom. Sixpence each: 5s. per dozen, ruled or plain. Super-royal Hvo., price 20s., post free. CROCKFORD'S CLERICAL DIRECTORY 1897. BEING A STATISTICAL BOOK OF REFERENCE For farts relating to the Clergy in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the Colonies; with a fuller Index relating to Parishes and Benefices than any ever yet given to the public. Crockfohd's Clerical Directory is more than a Directory; it coo- tains concise Biographical details of all the ministereanddignitaries of tho Church of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the Colonies; also a List of the Parishes of each Diocese in England and Wales arranged in Rural Deaneries. T W ENTY-NINTM ISSUES. HORACE Cox, Windsor House, Bream's-buildings, E.C. Pocket Size, price 6d.; by post, fi£d. THE LAWS OF GOLF, As Adopted by the Royal and Ancient Oolf Chtb of St. Andrews. Special Rules for Medal Play. Etiquette of Golf. Winners of the Golfing Championship. Winners and Runners-up for the Amateur Championship. London : Horace Cox, Windsor House, Bream's-buildings, E.C. Printed and Published by Horace Cox, Windsor HonBe, Hream'e-bnildings, London, E.C. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Author, Vol. 08 Issue 02 (July 1897) Subject The topic of the resource The Author, Vol. 08 Issue 02 (July 1897) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049239455" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049239455</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Publication Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1897-07-01-The-Author-8-2 publications The Author