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Title A name given to the resource The Author Subject The topic of the resource <em>The Author</em> Description An account of the resource A digitised run of the Society of Authors' monthly periodical, <em>The Author</em>, 1890<span>–</span>1914, made available together for the first time.<br /><br />Currently users can browse issues and <a href="https://historysoa.com/items/browse?search=&amp;advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&amp;advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&amp;advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&amp;advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Index&amp;collection=&amp;type=&amp;tags=&amp;exhibit=&amp;date_search_term=&amp;submit_search=Search+For+Items&amp;sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CTitle">indices</a> (not available for all volumes). Full text search for all issues, and other additional search functionality, will be added in 2022. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890–1914 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context The-Author-Issues Publication Date The date of an event (in YYYY, YYYY-MM or YYYY-MM-DD format) 1894-12-01 Volume 5 Issue 7 Pages Page range in volume 169–200 Ngram Date Version of the date in YYYYMMDD format for use by the Ngram plugin 18941201 Ngram Text Version of the text with no HTML formatting for use by the Ngram plugin C be El u t b or, (The Organ of the Incorporated Society of Authors. Monthly.) CON DUCTED BY WALTER BES.A.N.T. VoI. W.-No. 7.] DECEMBER 1, 1894. [PRICE SIXPENCE. For the Opinions eaſpressed in papers that are signed or initialled the Authors alone are responsible. None of the papers or para- graphs must be taken as earpressing the collective opinions of the committee unless they are officially signed by G. Herbert Thring, Sec. HE Secretary of the Society begs to give notice that all remittances are acknowledged by return of post, and requests that all members not receiving an answer to important communications within two days will write to him without delay. All remittances showld be crossed Union Bank of London, Chancery-lane, or be sent by registered letter only. Communications and letters are invited by the Editor on all subjects connected with literature, but on no other sub- jects whatever. Articles which cannot be accepted are returned if stamps for the purpose accompany the MSS. *-* —” ,-- - -, WARNINGS AND ADVICE. I. RAWING THE AGREEMENT. It is not generally understood that the author, as the vendor, has the absolute right of drafting the agreement upon whatever terms the transaction is to be carried out. Authors are strongly advised to exercise that right. In every form of business, this among others, the right of drawing the agreement rests with him who sells, leases, or has the control of the property. 2. SERIAL RIGHTS.–In selling Serial Rights remember that you may be selling the Serial Right for all time; that is, the Right to continue the production in papers. If you object to this, insert a clause to that effect. 3. STAMP YOUR AGREEMENTs. – Readers are most URGENTLY warned not to neglect stamping their agreements immediately after signature. If this precaution is neglected for two weeks, a fine of £Io must be paid before the agree- ment can be used as a legal document. In almost every case brought to the secretary the agreement, or the letter which serves for one, is forwarded without the stamp. The author may be assured that the other party to the agree- ment seldom neglects this simple precaution. The Society, to save trouble, undertakes to get all the agreements of members stamped for them at no ea pense to themselves eaccept the cost of the stamp. 4. AsCERTAIN WHAT A PROPOSED AGREEMENT GIVES TO BOTH SIDES BEFORE SIGNING IT.-Remember that an "VOL. W. arrangement as to a joint venture in any other kind of busi- ness whatever would be instantly refused should either party refuse to show the books or to let it be known what share he reserved for himself. 5. LITERARY AGENTS.–Be very careful. You cannot be too careful as to the person whom yow appoint as your agent. Remember that you place your property almost un- reservedly in his hands. Your only safety is in consulting the Society, or some friend who has had personal experience of the agent. Do not trust advertisements alone. 6. CosT OF PRODUCTION.——Never sign any agreement of which the alleged cost of production forms an integral part, until you have proved the figures. 7. CHOICE OF PUBLISHERS.—Never enter into any cor- respondence with publishers, especially with those who ad- vertise for MSS., who are not recommended by experienced friends or by this Society. 8. FUTURE WORK.—Never, on any account whatever, bind yourself down for future work to anyone. 9. PERSONAL RISK.—Never accept any pecuniary risk or responsibility whatever without advice. Io. REJECTED MSS.—Never, when a MS. has been re- fused by respectable houses, pay others, whatever promises they may put forward, for the production of the work. II. AMERICAN RIGHTS.—Never sign away American rights. Keep them by special clause. Refuse to sign any agreement containing a clause which reserves them for the publisher, unless for a substantial consideration. 12. CESSION OF COPYRIGHT.-Never sign any paper, either agreement or receipt, which gives away copyright, without advice. 13. ADVERTISEMENTs. – Keep some control over the advertisements, if they affect your returns, by a clause in the agreement. 14, NEVER forget that publishing is a business, like any other business, totally unconnected with philanthropy, charity, or pure love of literature. You have to do with business men. Be yourself a business man. Society's Offices :- 4, PORTUGAL STREET, LINCOLN's INN FIELDs. *-- - -* r- - --w HOW TO USE THE SOCIETY, I , VERY member has a right to ask for and to receive advice upon his agreements, his choice of a pub- lisher, or any dispute arising in the conduct of his business or the administration of his property. If the advice sought is such as can be given best by a solicitor, the member Q 2  ## p. 170 (#184) ############################################ 170 THE AUTHOR. has a right to an opinion from the Society's solicitors. If the case is such that Counsel's opinion is desirable, the Com- mittee will obtain for him Counsel’s opinion. All this without any cost to the member. 2. Remember that questions connected with copyright and publisher's agreements do not generally fall within the experience of ordinary solicitors. Therefore, do not scruple to use the Society first—our solicitors are continually engaged upon such questions for us. 3. Send to the office copies of past agreements and past accounts with the loan of the books represented. This is in order to ascertain what has been the nature of your agree- ments, and the results to author and publisher respectively so far. The Secretary will always be glad to have any agreements, new or old, for inspection and note. The infor- mation thus obtained may prove invaluable. 4. If the examination of your previous business trans- actions by the Secretary proves unfavourable, you should take advice as to a change of publishers. 5. Before signing any agreement whatever, send the pro- posed document to the Society for examination. 6. The Society is acquainted with the methods, and—in the case of fraudulent houses—the tricks of every publish- ing firm in the country. 7. Remember always that in belonging to the Society you are fighting the battles of other writers, even if you are reaping no benefit to yourself, and that you are advancing the best interests of literature in promoting the indepen- dence of the writer. - 8. Send to the Editor of the Author notes of everything important to literature that you may hear or meet with. *- --" r- ºr ~, THE AUTHORS’ SYNDICATE, EMBERS are informed : I. That the Authors' Syndicate takes charge of the business of members of the Society. With, when necessary, the assistance of the legal advisers of the Syndi- cate, it concludes agreements, collects royalties, examines and passes accounts, and generally relieves members of the trouble of managing business details. 2. That the expenses of the Authors' Syndicate are defrayed solely out of the commission charged on rights placed through its intervention. Notice is, however, hereby given that in all cases where there is no current account, a booking fee is charged to cover postage and porterage. 3. That the Authors' Syndicate works for none but those members of the Society whose work possesses a market value. 4. That the Syndicate can only undertake any negotiation whatever on the distinct understanding that those negotia- tions are placed exclusively in its hands, and that all communications relating thereto are referred to it. 5. That clients can only be seen by the Director by appointment, and that, when possible, at least four days' notice should be given. 6. That every attempt is made to deal with the corre - spondence promptly, but that owing to the enormous number of letters received, some delay is inevitable. That stamps should, in all cases, be sent to defray postage. 7. That the Authors' Syndicate does not invite MSS. without previous correspondence, and does not hold itself responsible for MSS. forwarded without notice. 8. That the Syndicate undertakes arrangements for lectures by some of the leading members of the Society; that it has a “Transfer Department" for the sale and purchase of journals and periodicals; and that a “Register of Wants and Wanted ” has been opened. Members anxious to obtain literary or artistic work are invited to com- municate with the Manager. There is an Honorary Advisory Committee, whose services will be called upon in any case of dispute or difficulty. It is perhaps necessary to state that the members of the Advisory Committee have no pecuniary interest whatever in the Syndicate. *- - -e a- - -º NOTICES. HE Editor of the Awthor begs to remind members of the Society that, although the paper is sent to them free of charge, the cost of producing it would be a very heavy charge on the resources of the Society if a great many members did not forward to the Secretary the modest 6s. 6d. subscription for the year. The Editor is always glad to receive short papers and communications on all subjects connected with literature from members and others. Nothing can do more good to the Society than to make the Awthor complete, attractive, and interesting. Will those who are willing to aid in this work send their names and the special subjects on which they are willing to write P Communications for the Author should reach the Editor not later than the 21st of each month. All persons engaged in literary work of any kind, whether members of the Society or not, are invited to communicate to the Editor any points connected with their work which it would be advisable in the general interest to publish. Members and others who wish their MSS. read are requested not to send them to the Office without previously communicating with the Secretary. The utmost practicable despatch is aimed at, and MSS. are read in the order in which they are received. It must also be distinctly under- stood that the Society does not, under any circumstances, undertake the publication of MSS. The Authors’ Club is now open in its new premises, at 3, Whitehall-court, Charing Cross. Address the Secretary for information, rules of admission, &c. - - Will members take the trouble to ascertain whether they have paid their subscriptions for the year P If they will do this, and remit the amount, if still unpaid, or a banker's order, it will greatly assist the Secretary, and save him the trouble of sending out a reminder. Members are most earnestly entreated to attend to the warning numbered (8). It is a most foolish and may be a most disastrous thing to enter into an agreement binding for a term of years. Let them ask themselves if they would give a solicitor the collection of their rents for five years to come, whatever his conduct, whether he was honest or dishonest? Of course they would not. Why then hesitate for a moment when they are asked to sign them- selves into literary bondage for three or five years P Those who possess the “Cost of Production ” are requested to note that the cost of binding has advanced 15 per cent. This means, for those who do not like the trouble of “doing sums,” the addition of three shillings in the pound on this head. In other words, if the cost of binding is set down in our book at eight pounds, to this must now be added twenty-four shillings more, so that it now stands at £948. The figures in our book are as near the exact truth  ## p. 171 (#185) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. 171 as can be procured; but a printer's, or a binder's, bill is so elastic a thing that nothing more exact can be arrived at. . Some remarks have been made upon the amount charged in the “Cost of Production” for advertising. Of course, we have not included any sums which may be charged for inserting advertisements in the publisher’s own magazines, or in other magazines by exchange. As agreements too often go, there is nothing to prevent the publisher from sweeping the whole profits of a book into his own pocket, by inserting any number of advertisements in his own magazines, and by exchanging with others. Some there are who call this a form of fraud; it is not known what those who practise this method of swelling their own profits call it. *-i- * ~ * g- > -s; LITERARY PROPERTY. I.—CANADIAN CoPYRIGHT. N Thursday, Oct. 18, a meeting of the sub- committee on Canadian copyright was held at 4.15 p.m. at the offices of the Incorporated Society of Authors, 4, Portugal- street, W.C. Mr. F. R. Daldy took the chair, and the other members were all present. The secretary read over the minutes of the former meeting, and they were signed by the chairman. Mr. Daldy then proceeded to give a statement of what took place during his visit to America and Canada. He informed the committee that un- fortunately he had arrived too late for the Ontario Conference, but that he had taken the opinions of a good many people in Canada, and, with the exception of a small ring of printers, he found that the people were ignorant of the steps that were being taken with regard to Canadian copy- right. In America, the opinion was very strongly opposed to the change in the law, and Mr. Daldy stated that he was informed on good authority that any such change as was suggested by the Canadians would be likely to prejudice American copyright in the British Dominions. Mr. Thring, the Secretary of the Society of Authors, confirmed this statement through a letter he had received privately from America. Mr. Daldy then stated that he had made a few observations on Sir John Thompson's report at the end of each paragraph, and he handed the members of the committee a copy of these observations, and requested that they would look carefully into the matter and make their own additions, so that at the next meeting the whole question could be finally gone into and settled. The meeting was then adjourned until the following Thursday to enable the sub-committee to study the report and formulate their reply. At two subsequent meetings of the sub-com- mittee an exhaustive answer to the report, taken paragraph by paragraph, was prepared, and also a covering letter, both of which documents were to be approved by the general committee and for- warded to the Government Department com- mittee. At a full meeting of the general committee, held at Mr. Murray's house in Albemarle-street, on Oct. 30, when Mr. Murray was voted into the chair, the report and covering letter were dis- cussed and finally approved, and it was resolved that they should at once be forwarded to the Colonial Office. It is hoped that at a later date the Marquis of Ripon will receive a deputation representing all the copyright interests. The committee of the Society will be careful that authors’ interests are adequately cared for on this deputation. II.-DEPUTATION ON CANADIAN CoPYRIGHT. Lord Ripon received at the Colonial Office, on Monday, Nov. 26, an influential deputation from the London Chamber of Commerce, and its four publishing trade sections, the Society of Authors, the Copyright Association, and the Printsellers' Association, which were represented by the following gentlemen: Mr. H. O. Arnold-Forster, M.P., Mr. E. M. Underdown, Q.C., Mr. Walter Besant, Mr. W. H. Lecky, Mr. G. Herbert Thring, Mr. F. R. Daldy, Mr. John Murray, Mr. T. Norton Longman, Mr. E. Marston, Mr. Edwin Ashdown, Mr. H. R. Clayton (Novello, Ewer, and Co.), Mr. Arthur Lucas, and Mr. A. Tooth. Sir ALBERT K. Ro1.1.1T, M.P., president of the London Chamber of Commerce, in introducing the deputation, expressed their thanks to Lord Ripon for the opportunity which had been afforded them of considering the despatch from Sir John Thompson, the Canadian Premier, demanding Imperial legislation which would explicitly confer upon the Parliament of Canada the power to legislate on all matters relating to copyright and to repeal the Imperial statutes in force on the subject. There was no feeling of hostility towards the Canadians on the part of the deputation; but while Canada had the right to legislate on those points which concerned her own printers and publishers, it was strongly felt that the proposed legislation was of a much wider character, and violated established principles upon which the whole copyright law of the empire had hitherto been determined. Prior to the Berne Convention the colonies were consulted, and each gave its consent to joining it. They therefore felt that this was an Imperial matter, and could not be satisfactorily dealt with on the lines suggested by Canada. They wished to protect literary property, in which the rights of authors and publishers, though not, perhaps, so tangible  ## p. 172 (#186) ############################################ I 72 THE AUTHOR. as in the case of trade marks, were nevertheless quite as real, and the violation of which would involve injustice to them. Besides these con- siderations, the feeling with regard to the Canadian Act of 1889, which Sir John Thompson desired her Majesty’s Government to assent to, was that if it were passed it might create a precedent the effect of which would be almost unlimited. Mr. E. M. UNDERDown, Q.C., said the Canadians appeared to take the view that Imperial copyright infringed the rights of certain publishers in their country. There was no question as to copyright being property, and a most valuable one, and it seemed impossible to realise at this time of day that any nation should desire to disregard the rights of that property. It was to be regretted that the United States should have attached a manufacturing profit as a condition of copyright, an example which was sought to be followed by one of our own colonies. He was afraid they must characterise Sir John Thompson's demands as a pure attempt to further a particular trade—the Canadian re- printers—and he saw no reason which would justify her Majesty's Government in breaking away from a convention affecting the whole of the Empire. France, as a member of the Berne Convention, might also have cause of complaint because two millions of the Canadians were French and spoke that language. They should jealously guard the principle of copyright as property. Mr. WALTER BESANT pointed to the present condition of literary property in the English- speaking countries, and the effect which would be produced by such changes as were contemplated by the Canadians. They had at last succeeded, after fifty years of struggle, in obtaining from the United States an Act granting international copyright. By that Act they had obtained the protection of their works from piracy; they could bring them out in America, just as they did here; they could make arrangements and agreements with American publishers just as they did here with English publishers, and American authors had equal rights in this country. So what was ours became theirs by legal contract, and in the same way what was theirs became ours. We must remember that the new condition of things made the literature of the whole English-speaking world a common possession. It was an enormous possession. It was the possession of I2O million people, and as education spread and more readers came in every year—more by hundreds of thousands—it would become far more important for all concerned. Therefore it was above ail things necessary to watch over and guard with the utmost jealousy those newly-acquired rights. From the author's point of view the question was most serious, Where the foreign author had no rights he became a most deadly rival to the native author, because he could be produced for nothing. The American authors had only ceased to suffer from this cause during the three years since the Act was passed. They were already showing the increase of vitality and strength which was to be expected when they could com- pete with English authors on fair terms. Again, great as was the audience of our own Empire, the American audience was greater still. In a very short time, when the American publishers had settled down to the new conditions, a popular English author would find his best audience in the States. If, however, Canada had a separate Copyright Act of her own, what would happen? The separation of Canada from the States was by a long and imaginary frontier. It was impossible to keep Canadian books out of the States, or books printed in the States out of Canada. Then would begin again the old miserable game of cheap reprints vying with other cheap reprints. The American proclamation which gave English authors copyright would be torn to pieces. The piracies would go on again. Once more the Americans would publish our books for nothing. American authors who were now enjoying the new system which allowed them open competi- tion with each other and with British authors on fair terms would fall back upon the old state of things in which they used to compete against the book got for nothing. Worse still, all the old bitterness and recriminations would be revived. The question was, in short, should a country of five millions be allowed to wreak all this mischief and wrong upon a world of 122 millions in order to enrich two or three publishers by underselling the Americans? Mr. H. R. CLAYTON said that musical com- posers and publishers were specially affected by copyright questions. While the fact of there being 2,OOO,OOO French-speaking Canadians was important, the language of music was universal. The music publishers had availed themselves to a large extent of the Canadian Copyright Act of I875, which authorised the exclusion of American editions, but in spite of that they could not keep them out. He specially addressed himself to Sir John Thompson’s arguments in regard to the collection of authors’ royalties, and pointed out the great difficulty of collecting them. Sir John had suggested that English publishers preferred the American to the Canadian market; but the fact was that it was impossible to divide the two. Mr. F. R. DALDY said he had had an oppor- tunity while in America this year of consulting the  ## p. 173 (#187) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. I 73 American Authors’ Association and the leading publishers, and he found that the feeling against the Canadian view was such that the American Minister in this country had been requested to ascertain officially what course Great Britain intended to adopt. It was declared that to accede to Canada’s request would more than jeopardise the President’s proclamation. What they said was, “We have given you a great boon; we gave it to you on the faith of the statements of the British Government that the copyright privileges which you gave us would run through- out the British dominions.” The difficulty of collecting the authors’ royalty under the proposed Act would be almost insuperable, especially in connection with stories passing through periodi- cals and newspapers, or even given away gratis. Mr. H. O. ARNOLD-TORSTER, M.P., concurred with previous speakers, and pointed out what would be the consequences if other parts of the Empire were allowed the privileges sought by Canada. The MARQUIs OF RIPON, in reply, said they would not expect him to give any opinion on the question at the present time. He was very glad to receive the deputation, because it was his duty to hear both sides. Sir John Thompson was now in England, and he proposed to have a full dis- cussion with him at the earliest opportunity; but he was anxious, before he entered into that dis- cussion, to hear the views of such important bodies as those which were represented by the deputation. Of course they would understand that the desires expressed by one of the great colonies were entitled to the most serious con- sideration of the Imperial Government, while, on the other hand, that the Government was bound not to overlook the interests of persons to whom the world was so much indebted as the repre- sentative authors and publishers who formed that deputation. He had no hesitation in pro- mising them that the views that had been expressed, and which might be expressed on the other side, would receive the serious consideration of her Majesty's Government.—Times, Nov. 27. III.-CAPE TOWN COPYRIGHT. T. Some change in the Cape copyright law, as it affects the sale of books, is an imperative neces- sity, and we trust that steps will be taken to make the desirable amendment without the loss of another session. Under the present law the sale of pirated editions of books is not prohibited, and, consequently, unscrupulous booksellers are able to do a lucrative business in this unholy traffic of men's brains, The existing law is a farce, and it would be interesting to ascertain what purpose the Legislature sought to serve by it. The Customs levy a special duty of 20 per cent. On foreign reprints of British copyrighted works, half of the proceeds to go to the owner of the copyright. We have never known of any account of this curious impost being rendered to the public, or of any list of remittances to authors being published. But supposing the system to be fully carried out, see what an inane system it is. A copyright work of Ruskin's is worth let us say, Ios. It is kept out of the colony by the substitution of a pirated edition at Is. 6d. We levy one shilling, and send sixpence out of it to Mr. Ruskin to compensate him for the loss of sale of a Ios. book on which the author's profit—Mr. Ruskin is generally his own publisher--would be no small part of the price. Nothing could be simpler than to prohibit alto- gether, as in the United Kingdom, the importa- tion of pirated books, photographs, or pictures. Nothing less will prevent what may be seen in Cape Town windows to-day — the unblushing vending of pirated matter. If nothing else will avail, let us invoke the great name of Imperial Federation in aid of reform. — Cape Argus, Wednesday, Oct. 17. II. Since our remarks appeared in Wednesday’s issue on the above matter, we have ascertained that the 20 per cent. ad valorem duty levied by the Customs on foreign reprints of British copyright books and music amounted in the years 1892 and 1893 (according to the Statistical Register) to the magnificent total of £17 and £27 respectively, and that not half but the whole thereof is gene- rously distributed among the owners of the copyright—in number some dozen or score of persons or firms. We also learn that this 20 per cent, duty is levied on the value of the pirated editions themselves, costing in America often no more than a few cents. per volume, so that instead of Ruskin receiving, as his share, 20 per cent. on the value, Ios., of one of his books, that is—2s., he would actually receive no more than 2O per cent. on the American cost of, say, 20 cents. Of the pirated volume, or 5 cents.-a truly tuppenny ha'penny kind of compensation. It is a marvel that such a state of things has been tole- rated so long. It may also well be questioned whether the Customs really secure the payment of the 20 per cent. duty on all copyright works that enter the Colony. In fact we do not see how they can, unless they search through every case imported from Europe and America, which in prac- tice is impossible; nor would importers stand it and at the same time they would be required to have the titles of everyone of the thousands of  ## p. 174 (#188) ############################################ I 74 THE AUTHOR. copyright works at their finger ends.-Cape Argus, Friday, Oct. 19. IV.-PHOTOGRAPHIC CoPYRIGHT. (Before Mr. Justice CoILINs, without a jury.) ELLIS v. OGDEN. Mr. Alfred Ellis, the plaintiff in this action, is a well-known photographer in Baker-street. The defendants, Messrs. Ogden, Smale, and Co., are the publishers of the Ludgate Monthly. The action was brought for an injunction to restrain the defendants from publishing certain photo- graphs, taken by the plaintiff, in their magazine, and for damages. There appeared for the plain- tiff Mr. Scrutton ; and for the defendants Mr. Ruegg. Mr. Scrutton, in opening the case, said that the persons the publication of whose photographs was complained of were Mr. Harry Nicholls and Mr. Charles Kenningham. Both of these gentle- men were well-known actors, and, at the request of the plaintiff, they (at different times) went to his studio to be photographed in character. There was no suggestion of payment. At the end of each sitting Mr. Ellis asked them to sit in plain clothes. This they did. They received copies of all the photographs taken, as a present, and each of them had subsequently bought copies of the plain clothes photographs, for which they had paid “reprint” prices. Mr. Nicholls had sent one of these to the Ludgate Monthly, and it had been published in a number containing an article upon him. Mr. Scrutton referred to section I of the Copyright (Works of Art) Act of 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c. 68), and maintained that on those facts the copyright in these photographs was the property of the photographer. Mr. Ellis gave evidence in support of the above facts, but Mr. Nicholls and Mr. Kenningham were both called by Mr. Ruegg, and they stated that it was they who asked for the plain clothes sitting. They went with the intention of being photographed on their own account when the character photographs were finished. The plain clothes photographs sent them previous to those paid for they regarded merely as proofs. Mr. Ruegg argued that these photographs were not, as were the character photographs, taken by the photographer for himself, but they were “made or executed for or on behalf of another person, for good or valuable considera- tion ” within the words of the above-mentioned statute. The learned judge said that he had before him a pure question of fact. Looking at the evidence, he had no doubt that the account given by Mr. Nicholls and Mr. Kenningham was correct. It was really not material who first suggested the plain clothes sitting. These gentlemen went to the studio intending to take the opportunity of being photographed in plain clothes. They were so photographed, they received proofs, and they paid for copies. Nothing was said or done to give the copyright to the plaintiff, Judgment must be for the defendants, with costs.—Times, Nov. 16, 1894. W.—ELLIS v. OGDEN—OPINION OF Counse:L. I write on the assumption that the Author will contain a report of the case of Ellis v. Ogden, recently tried before Mr. Justice Henn Collins. In that case a theatrical celebrity, having gone to a photographer to be taken in costume, was also photographed in plain clothes, either at his request or at that of the photographer, was subsequently presented with copies of his portrait, and later on bought others; and the question at issue on the trial of the action was whether the copyright in the portrait so produced belonged to the photographer, or whether it became the property of the sitter, the photograph having been “made or executed” on his behalf “for good or valuable consideration.” In the case before him, and from the facts given in evidence, Mr. Justice Collins drew the conclusion that the photograph was so executed as to give the celebrity in question the copyright in it. No doubt the learned judge was right; he had, according to the Times, conflicting testi- mony before him, and he believed one side and not the other. What I venture to question is the justice of the dictum attributed to him in the Times report that “It was really not material who first suggested the plain clothes sitting.” I venture to submit to you, and to your readers, that it is absolutely material who makes the first proposal in such a case. To put it broadly, I say that one of two things happens. Either the celebrity says (in substance) to the photographer, “Take me and give me copies of my portrait, and you may sell other copies as your reward,” in which case the former employs the latter and acquires the copyright; or the photographer says to the celebrity, “Let me take you and sell copies of your portrait, and I will give you copies of it as your reward ;” in which latter instance I submit that the photographer employs the celebrity as a sitter; or purchases permission to photograph him, and so should acquire the copyright in the production. If I am wrong, does not the following anomaly result P. A photographer takes a “snap shot ” at a celebrity without “by your leave or with your leave,” and thereby gets a picture of which he will own the  ## p. 175 (#189) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. I 75 copyright. Another photographer who takes the same celebrity, but courteously asks permission first, and in acknowledgment of it presents some copies to the sitter, loses thereby the copyright in the picture he takes; that is, he loses it, if the inference of fact in his case follows the lines of Ellis v. Ogden, and that will be the case if the question “Who first suggested the sitting P” is disregarded. In any case photographers will do well to get agreements drawn and submit them for signature to celebrities who visit their studios before they proceed to take their pictures. E. A. A. VI.--THE Cost of PRODUCTION. A paper appeared on Nov. 3rd in a penny weekly on the production of novels. It took the form of an interview with a publisher, and it presented all the appearance of a genuine inter- view with an honourable man ; that is to say, not one who falsifies his accounts or charges for advertisements for which he has not paid. In the course of this interview the question of cost arose. The following is the publisher's estimate:— The book contains 482 pp., crown 8vo., pica type. The cost for composition, printing, and paper would be £68 IOS., author's corrections extra; binding, 319 15s. per IOOO copies; blocks for binding, 383 Ios. On referring to our own “Cost of Production,” we find the figures come out as follows:– £ s. d. Composition—3 I sheets, at 19s. 6d. a sheet ... ... 29 I4 9 Printing, at Ios. 5d. a sheet 16 2 II IPaper & © º 24 16 O Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I I O £IOI 14 8 We shall have to revise our “Cost of Pro- duction.” Our estimate for such a book is £IOI 14s. 8d. Compared with £9 I I 5s., the pub- lisher's estimate. The secretary also reports that he has had in his hands estimates the items of which were much below those in our volume. WII.-A LETTER FROM I)R. JoHNSON. The New York Critic (Nov. Io, 1894) pub- lishes, under the heading of the “Boston Letter,” by Mr. Charles Wingate, a hitherto unpublished letter by Dr. Johnson. It was sold by Messrs. Puttock and Simpson in the year 1886 and was bought by an American. The following is tendered by Mr. Wingate as a correct copy:— “SIR,--I will tell you in a few words, what is, in my opinion, the most desirable state of copy- WOL. W. right or literary property. The Authour has a natural and peculiar right to the profits of his own work. But as every man who claims the protection of Society must purchase it by resign- ing some part of his natural right, the Authour must recede from so much of his claim, as shall . be deemed injurious or inconvenient to Society. It is inconvenient to Society that a useful book should become perpetual and exclusive property. The judgment of the Lords was therefore legally and politically right. But the Authour's term of his natural right might without any inconvenience be protracted beyond the term settled by the statute, and it is, I think, to be desired : “I. That an Authour should retain during his life the sole right of printing and selling his work. This is agreeable to moral right and not inconvenient to the publick. For who will be so diligent as the Authour to improve the book, or who can know so well how to improve it P “2. That the Authour be allowed by the present Act to alienate his right only for fourteen years. A shorter time would not procure a sufficient price, and a longer would cut off all hope of future profit, and consequently all solicitude for correction or addition. “3. That when after fourteen years the copy- right shall revert to the Authour, he be allowed to alienate it again only for seven years at a time. After fourteen years the value of the work will be known and it will be no longer bought at hazard. Seven years after possession will therefore have an assignable price. It is proper that the Authour be always invited to polish and improve his work, by that prospect of recovering it which the shorter periods of alienation will afford him. “4. That after the Authour's death his work should continue an exclusive property, capable of bequest and inheritance, and of conveyance by gift or sale for thirty years. By these regula- tions a work may continue the property of the Authour, or of those who claim for him, a term sufficient to reward the writer without any loss to the publick. In fifty years far the greater number of books are forgotten and annihilated, and it is for the advantage of learn- ing that those which fifty years have not destroyed should become bona communia, so to be used by every scholar as he shall think best. “In fifty years almost every book begins to require notes, either to explain forgotten allusions and obsolete words; or to suggest those dis- coveries which have been made by the gradual advancement of knowledge, or to correct those mistakes which time may have discovered. “Such notes cannot be written to any useful purpose without the text, and the text will fre- I&  ## p. 176 (#190) ############################################ 176 THE AUTHOIR. Quently (?) be inspected while it is any man’s property. “I am, Sir, your humble servant, “SAM JOHNSON.” *– ~ *-*. - - - THE “NET’” SYSTEM. T has been decided by the Committee to ask the opinion of every member of the Society upon the great and important change pro- posed by certain publishers in their dealings with booksellers. It is to be hoped that every member will take the trouble to consider the question, and will forward his opinion to the Secretary. Mem- bers will, of course, understand that it is a question very materially affecting their interests. It has been, so far, suggestive that the approval, or the opinion, of authors on the subject has not even been mentioned. Certain publishers are writing about it, the rest prudently abstain ; certain book- sellers hold one opinion, others hold the contrary. No one seems to consider that the opinion of the persons who should be principally concerned is worth the trouble of asking or inquiring. The following letters are submitted as containing the views of three out of the four parties concerned in the proposed change. The first two are written by authors of repute ; the “Publisher ” belongs to a very important house; the booksellers are what they represent themselves to be, dependent upon the business which they carry on. T.—FROM AN AUTHOR. I am very glad to hear that the committee propose to ascertain the consensus of opinion among members of the Authors’ Society on the question of “met” prices. I presume that a general meeting will be held for the purpose. The very decided opinion which I myself enter- tain on the matter has two grounds. In the first place I hold that all such restrictive interferences with freedom of contract are inevitably mis- chievous in the end; and, in the second place, I hold that the particular restriction now sought for will be detrimental alike to authors and to the public. Those authors who have not carefully con- sidered the question might, I think, not unfitly be guided by the decision which authors arrived at in 1852. If at that time, after inquiry and consultation, it was decided by a number of leading authors, literary and scientific, that the system of fixed prices from which no discounts were allowed was detrimental to them, the con- clusion that such a system, if now re-established, would be detrimental, is at any rate a highly probable one; for there have, so far as I know, taken place no changes which may be supposed to make the conclusion held valid in the one case invalid in the other. But it need not take long to form an inde- pendent judgment. There is often an irrational cry against middlemen, though middlemen are, in the majority of cases, very useful persons. But in all cases middlemen must be kept in order. They, of course, pursue their own interests, and, if allowed, will satisfy those interests at the expense of those they serve. This is obviously the case with the middlemen who constitute the various classes of the book trade as with all others. On the face of it, therefore, any proposal of change made by them must be looked upon with great suspicion. That a disadvantage is threatened in the present case will at once be seen when the essen- tials are divested of all details. It is contended that retail booksellers must have greater profits assured to them. These greater profits must be at the cost of some among the several parties concerned. At whose cost then P Those con- cerned are the writers, the readers, and the several classes of traders who come between them. Of these classes of traders one is to have greater gains. Will these greater gains come from the other classes of traders ? Will the publishers, for instance, sacrifice part of their profits for the benefit of retailers ? Certainly not. They can practically make their own terms, and will sacrifice nothing, if they do not even take a share of the extra gains. Will the sacri- fice be made by the wholesale bookseller? It is unlikely; for he, too, has power in his hands to make his own bargains, and can take care he does not lose by the change. There remain then the public and the authors, one or both of whom must suffer a loss that the retailers may gain. That the public will suffer a loss is clear, if the discounts now made from advertised prices are denied to them; for it is absurd to suppose that advertised prices will be lowered to balance the absence of discounts. If that were done publishers would gain nothing. Clearly, then, the loss would be borne directly by the public. But eventually a loss would also be borne by the authors. It is impossible that the prices of books can be raised to buyers without to some extent restricting the sales. “This book is advertised at 12s.,” says the buyer to the retailer. “That is too much ; I must go without it.” “But,” says the retailer, “you can have it for 9s.” “For 9s., you say. I can afford 9s. You may let me have it.” Conversations of this kind, or thoughts corresponding to such conversations, must be of  ## p. 177 (#191) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. 177 continual occurrence. Obviously, therefore, if discounts are given many more copies of a book are sold than would be sold in the absence of dis- counts, and of course diminution in the number of copies sold is diminution of the author's profit, though the rate of profit remains the same. Alike, then, on our own behalf and on behalf of the public, we are, I think, bound to oppose the attempt to establish “met ’’ prices. -->e--> -- II.-FROM ANOTHER AUTHOR. The question must be considered from four points of view. 1. That of the book-buying public:— At present the buyer obtains all books for cash at a reduction of 25 per cent. For a book advertised at 6s. he pays 4s. 6d. In fact, it is with books as with everything else, a large discount has to be made in selling them. It is now proposed that no discount at all shall be allowed. It is not proposed, however, that a book now published at 68, shall be published hereafter at 4s. 6d. It is only stated that a book which would have been published at 7s. 6d. will in future be published—say, at 6s. It has also been suggested that the 6s, book shall henceforth appear at 5s., without any discount at all. In other words, the immediate effect upon the public will be to raise the price of books. It is a time of trade depression, likely to become worse. Is it probable that the public will continue to buy what they can do without, when the price is raised ?. It does not seem probable. Again, there are only a certain limited number of people who can afford to buy books or anything else outside the mere necessaries of life. Between them they can only afford to spend a certain amount of money every year on books. The amount varies somewhat from year to year with good years and bad years, but there it is. If the price of books is raised the amount spent every year will perhaps be the same, but the number of books bought will be less. Who is benefited, therefore ? Another way to comsider the subject is this: For many years we have been gradually diminish- ing the price of books; this diminution has been helped by the discount bookseller; people have become accustomed to the cheapness of books; they are attracted by their cheapness; they are becoming, as their means allow, a people of book buyers. But if the books which are cheap become dear, the growing spirit of book buying will receive a check that may throw us back for years. And there is no doubt that the desire of the promoters of this movement is to make books dearer than they are, "WOL. W. 2. From the author's point of view :— Since the first effect of the change will be to increase not only the price to the public, but also the price to the bookseller, the author will have to revise his system of royalties, or his method of sale should he sell his book outright. This may be a gain to him. But if fewer books are sold on account of these high prices, the change may be a loss to him. It will be for him personally to decide whether he will consent to an application of the “net ’’ system to his own work. 3. From the publisher's point of view:— He will undoubtedly gain on every book. But will he dispose of so many P This doubt will probably make many publishers hesitate before they adopt the hard and fast “net” system. One may also ask why, seeing that of all trades publishing is the most lucrative, its followers should not be satisfied with what they have, and forbear the risk of losing it in the hope of getting Ill Ol’62. 4. From the bookseller's point of view:— We may leave the booksellers to regulate their own business. But there are one or two points, apart from those urged above, which should make them hesitate. They will undoubtedly, like the pub- lisher, gain something on each book sold. But will they sell so many ? And if their customers are going to get no discount for cash, will they not decline to buy at all P A shrinkage of the trade will most certainly follow the adoption of the “met ’’ system, whether it will be perma- ment shrinkage or not remains to be seen. And who is to prevent a bookseller from giving dis- count P No one. It will be impossible to prevent him. He may not advertise the fact, but he will have to do, and then the bookseller will be in the pleasing position of paying more and getting less. At present he pays, probably, 38, 7#d. apiece on taking a dozen copies of a 6s. book. He sells them at 4s. 6d. each. There is a profit of Io; d. on each. If the 6s. book were reduced to 5s. net, he would give the publisher, say, 3s. I Id. for it, and would sell it at 5s. Increased profit, 2#d. But the discount would inevitably come in. The customer who has always before had 25 per cent. will not be contented with less than 15 per cent., or 9d, on each book, which he carries off for 4s. 3d. Decreased profit, 3d. Another consideration is the fact that by this change, if it is effected, the bookseller becomes the slave of the publisher. Books are put into his hand which he is to sell if he can at a certain stipulated price. There is no longer left any elasticity of trade, any freedom, any enterprise. Every bookseller will become a mere clerk, distri- buting and collecting. | R 2  ## p. 178 (#192) ############################################ 178 THE AUTHOR. In whatever way the change may work, there can be no doubt that trade restrictions are injurious, oppressive, and must in the long run be broken through. Meantime great mischief may be done to author, bookseller, and the book- buying public. III.-FROM A PUBLISHER. The question of net prices is far more important to the bookseller and to the author than to the publisher. To the majority of the booksellers the matter is one of life and death, of existence or extinction; but the publisher can accommodate himself, more or less, to this or any system. The matter has been sufficiently threshed out in the newspapers for every business man, at least, who has read the articles and correspondence, to understand the financial and trade bearings of the question; I need not, therefore, trouble your readers with a repetition of these details. It is, perhaps, well to state that the free-trade principle is hardly involved on either side of the question. It would be if the price of a book under the discount system were not a purely fancy and artificial price, fixed by the author through his agent, the publisher. In other words, the price of a book is not necessarily settled by the cost of production, as the price of tea, coffee, wheat, or other natural productions is fixed. It is fixed arbitrarily, at present, at a higher figure than the mere cost of production and the expectation of a fair profit would justify, in order to meet the tremendous reduction which the existing artificial discount system and the ordinary and concurrent trade allowances make compulsory. The buyer, therefore, who thinks that he gets his book cheaper because he gets an enormous discount reduction is under a delusion. He gets it neither dearer nor cheaper. He does not buy a commodity under cost price—which, of course, is economically impossible—he only gets an artificial reduction on a commodity whose price has already been artificially raised. The argu- ment, therefore, of a writer in a leading news- paper, who signs himself “Free Trader,” that the discount system helps the reader to cheap books, is fallacious. It is founded on an entire economical misconception of the facts. The present system of selling books was no doubt an excellent system when conditions were quite different to what they are now. The net system, which it is sought to substitute for it, is an attempt to replace a system which has become antiquated by one which is in every respect consonant to the doctrines of economical science. The selling price will, if the net system be introduced, be nearer the figure representing the cost of production than it now can be, and, what is of infinite importance to author, publisher, and reader, it is a system by which the average bookseller can make a fair living. In this lies the crua of the question. The present discount system is killing out the small bookseller. Some of the very large firms in the trade thrive by it, for reasons that are obvious enough to commercial men, and, of course, one great firm that holds the railway monopoly thrives by the system, but it is extinguishing the country bookseller. Mr. Collier, of the very im- portant firm of Stanford, of Cockspur-street, in the course of a recent interview in the Daily Chronicle, stated that, approximately, some 200 country booksellers survive out of I2OO that did business in books some twelve or fifteen years ago. This is a most pregnant fact. It means simply this: that twelve or fifteen years ago an author, without spending a penny in advertise- ments, could, through a strong publisher, bring his wares into the hands of the reading public through 1200 channels. This for a good book might easily mean the sale of a handsome edition. Now all books—good, bad, and in- different—mustincura preliminary expense of from £15 to £60 in advertisements, simply in order that they may be known. It is a direct loss of so much in money to the author, and it is, of course, an indirect loss, to be counted in hundreds and thousands of pounds, to the publisher; but to the booksellers—to the majority of booksellers— it is worse than loss—it is ruin. That is why publishers wish for the ending of a system which is interfering with their best and cheapest channel of distribution. All other objections to the discount system are feeble in comparison to this one : that it is pushing out of existence the tradesman who is acting as distributing agent to the author. - IV.-FROM A DISCOUNT BOOKSELLER. I think it is Mr. Andrew Lang who has a “pet growl" that no bookseller knows his business. I have the misfortune to have a shop in a main thoroughfare in London, and had I ten times the amount of brain even of Mr. Andrew Lang I should not be able to know, to remember anything like, the names of a part only of the books that exist. I wish Mr. Andrew Lang would take my place for one week, to listen to the hundreds of books that are asked for daily, and to which at least 60 per cent I have to give the negative answer, that I have not got the book in stock. After the week's experience I think Mr. Andrew Lang would have a better opinion of booksellers. There can be no question but that all the grievances of both the bookseller and the publisher lie in the fact that  ## p. 179 (#193) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. I 79 there are a very great deal too many books pro- duced. If we booksellers could turn over our stocks once a week, like the butchers and the bakers, or once a month, or even once a year, we should have no cause to complain that, after giving 25 per cent. discount to the public off the published price of the book, it does not leave us a living profit. I buy my books so that I am quite con- tent with the profit I make even after selling them at 3d. in the Is. discount. “A London Book- seller,” writing in the Athenæum on Nov. 17th, says, “That it gives no pleasure to the bookseller to sell his books at a discount of 25 per cent., or any other per cent. ; his gorge rises at it.” Rather, my gorge rises when I sell a book at its net price, because I know I am not selling in the cheapest market, and that my customer, when I tell him the book is issued at a net price, and no discount is allowed, is incredulous, and doubts by his manner that I am making a larger profit. No Englishman likes to be “dome.” If you go into a chemists, or grocers, or anywhere, and buy an article marked at Is. for Is., and passing along the street see in another window the exact article marked at Io;d., you feel you have been “had " or “dome,” and your gorge rises at it, and you mentally determine not to patronise that first shop again. It will be the same with this net system in the publishing of books, which, I regret to see, so many booksellers are inclined to hail as a salvation of their business. They will find, as “An Author’’ writes in the Athenæum of Nov. 24 “that the unforeseen always occurs,” so that their last state will be worse than their first. To be despotically told by the publisher that such and such a book is published at Is. net, and if you sell it below that price you shall not have any other of his books, is a system of tyranny that cannot be quietly submitted to. W.—FROM A RETAIL Books ELLER. That the present movement for the introduction of books published at net prices and the abolition of all discount is decidedly retrogade, and instead of having the effect of placing the new book trade on a firmer basis will prove the indirect means of making it worse than ever, as everyone who thinks of the matter seriously will own, as the public, finding they cannot get their books from the bookseller (who is the middleman) at a less price than the publisher will supply them, will naturally write direct to the publisher to have the book they require promptly sent to their homes post paid, quicker and much more ex- peditiously than their bookseller would deliver it. Publishers who are most in favour of the net system state that a book now published, say, at 7s. 6d. net would, under the old system, have been issued at IOS. This, I fear, is not the case. It is merely said to delude the public. Take the following instance, and see whom this extra profit benefits. Recently a book was issued by Professor Drummond called “The Ascent of Man,” and which is published at 7s. 6d. net. The bookseller has to pay 6s. 3d, net for every copy; thus he makes a profit of Is. 3d. Under the old system the book would have been 7s. 6d., subject to 25 per cent, discount=5s. 8d., and would have been bought by the bookseller at 5s. 4d., thirteen copies as twelve, and a discount of 5 per cent. On settlement of his quarterly account. This would make its net cost 4s. 8d., giving a profit to the bookseller of Is., which is quite as much as he can expect. Now, under the old system the bookseller gets Is. profit, sells his book more readily, and satisfies his customer, who knows he is buying in the cheapest market (which is itself an indispensable consideration). Under the met system the bookseller gets Is. 3d. profit (3d. more) and does not satisfy his customer, who imagines he is not buying at the cheapest market, and goes away doubting and dissatisfied. On the other hand, the difference to the publisher is very considerable, under the old system he gets 4s. 8d. net from the bookseller, under the net system he gets 6s. 3d. net, which is Is. 7d. more in his pocket. Undoubtedly the publisher would like such a system established, which all goes to enrich him, unless the author demands a share of the plunder in the shape of increased royalties, which are rightfully his. Again, in these days of excessive competition, will the public tamely submit to this increased price on their books P Certainly not. Already many publishers are sending their printing, &c., to the continent. Messrs. Nester, of Nuremburg, have so successfully competed with all English producers of children's colour printed and other books, that they have practically ousted all others from the field, and have this especial market entirely in their own hands. What then is to prevent (if all books are to be published at net prices) some energetic continental firms printing and flooding the English market with cheap editions of non-copyright books, &c., and by their success, which will be indisputable, they will be able to approach our English authors and pro- duce copyright books in such a way as to upset the whole system of publishing. Our publishers may find their headquarters for the production of English books will be in Berlin rather than London. Under these circumstances would it be wise for us booksellers to sell our books at published prices P Decidedly not; the more discount given,  ## p. 180 (#194) ############################################ I8O TIIB, AUTHOR. the cheaper the books are offered to the public, the brisker will be the trade, and the better for everyone. VI.—FROM A LoNDON Books ELLER. That certain books may with advantage be issued at net prices, such as professional and technical books and books of a special character, for which there can be no large demand, every bookseller will I think agree, but it is much to be regretted that any bookseller should be in favour of the abolition of all discount for cash purchases. Until very recently there was a great outcry against the Civil Service, and Army and Navy, and kindred stores marking not only books, but goods of every kind, down so that by very serious competition to all small traders it was said that their “occupation was gone,” and they would have to shut up shop; time has shown that these stores have built up enormous businesses by simply supplying their goods at the lowest remunerative prices for cash payments. Their motto has been the very true one of “small profits and quick returns,” and now the booksellers of both London and the country at large are clamouring for higher prices, the abolition of discount, and that all books be published at net prices, and such prices strictly adhered to, whether their customer come into their shop cash in hand, and pays for and carries away his purchase, or has the purchase booked to his account, which he pays quarterly or half yearly, &c. Why, it is in direct opposition to all the principles of business: the cheaper you can sell your books, the more discount you offer to the public, the greater will be your turnover, and the better it will be for publisher, author, and bookseller, because for both publisher and bookseller the more copies of a book sold, even at a low profit, will pay better than few copies at a higher profit, and will cause the public to buy with more confidence and with brisker demand; and the better for the author, because the greater the number of copies sold the more royalties he will receive. The present state of the trade is not to be much in- proved, a bookseller can give 25 per cent. discount and then have quite as much profit (in fact much more than many trades) as he can reasonably expect; but it is not this question of discount that cripples the bookseller and makes him find his trade so unprofitable, it is the great multi- plicity of books that are published, and conse- quently the tremendous stock he has to keep ; in no other trade has so much capital to be invested in stock, and much, alas ! dead stock. The book is subscribed to him by the publisher, he has to use his own judgment if it will take, he may order seven copies to get the half copy, or thirteen to get the odd copy. If the book takes, and goes off readily, he has to buy many other dozens, but for one success there are how many failures; the bookseller sells six or nine of his dozen copies, and the rest remain on his shelves, taking up much room and increasing stock in a decidedly undesirable manner, thus he finds year after year his stock growing, and every day, especially at this season of the year, scores of new books coming out, and of which he must take a certain proportion of the known authors into stock, so that he finds all his capital and profit has to be put into his stock, and he cannot make any head- way in improving his position in the world. This, I cannot help thinking, is the real cause of the dissatisfaction of my brother booksellers, not the question of discount; sell your books as cheaply as you can, and sell as many copies as you can, is my advice to all booksellers. Neither publisher Inor author can do without us, the very best adver- tisement a book and its author can have is to be “on view º' on the shelves of every book shop in the kingdom, where the public can take it down and look at it ; it is half the sale. Sell cheaply and avoid met books is my advice. > * r3 NOTES AND NEWS. R HALL CAINE has very kindly sent me his recent address delivered before the Philosophical Institution, Edin- burgh, on Nov. 17, with permission to use any part of it for this paper. The pressure on our limited space prevents any use of it in this number, but I hope to avail myself of Mr. Hall Caine's permission next month. It is impossible to know or to ascertain the reasons which guide a Prime Minister in his award of pensions in the Civil List. We will suppose that, unlike most of his predecessors, he is anxious to administer the grant in the interests of literature, science, and art, and not to foist upon the list widows and daughters of the Naval, Military, and Civil Services, for whom provision should be made elsewhere. It is true that an unfortunate clause—“ and other persons who may be worthy of Her Majesty's bounty’— or words to that effect, seems to justify the placing of all the world on this list; but the fact remains that the grant was intended for literature, science, and art, and that the claims of persons belonging to these three branches of intellectual effort must precede all others. Now here is a case which has recently  ## p. 181 (#195) ############################################ THE AUTHOIR. I81 been laid before Lord Rosebery. A petition was sent in to him signed not numerously, but by a dozen names commanding, one would think, respect and consideration. The petition was in favour of an old man, a very old man. He is eighty- five years of age : he has been working all his long life on literature. Fifty years ago a book was pub- lished by Charles Knight on some of the many aspects of Tondon. It was a huge book in six royal quarto volumes ; the book is a classic ; it has survived to the present day; no one who reads about London at all can afford to do with- out this book. Exactly half of it was written by this man. How many of us expect to be read in fifty years time? Again, he has written novels. Of his novels three or four survive, and are still in demand after thirty or forty years. How many novels iive for thirty or forty years? Can you, dear reader, conceive a case more loudly calling for a place upon the Civil List P Again, I say, that we know not what other cases there were under the consideration of Lord Rosebery. Whatever they were, it is clear that they were even more worthy of assistance than this case, because he has written through his secretaries to say that he will give this man nothing. It is worth noting that the letter signed by the twelve men and women of letters received no acknowledgment, and that the secretaries did not think it necessary to inform these people of the result of their unfortunate letter. These are the courtesies which the literary class are accustomed to receive from officials. Who are they P Literary chaps. Take no notice of them Modern Poets.—It seems quite a long time since we heard of a certain poetical journal, or treasure house of poetry, brought out monthly. It was formerly The Poets' Magazine, then it became Lloyd’s Magazine, after the name of the proprietor, Mr. Leonard Lloyd. It has now become Modern Poets, but the proprietor does not inform us whether the life of his magazine has been continuous, or interrupted by intervals of sleep, or, as it is a poetic magazine, of trance. However that may be, Modern Poets now appears quarterly; and if “sufficient good poetry and prose are received to fill its pages” the magazine is to appear monthly. The really attractive feature—that which separates the paper, and distinguishes it from commoner journals—is that while such mean spirited magazines as the Con- temporary, or Longman's, actually pay con- tributors—hire the poor degraded wretches—this magazine expects its contributors to pay the editor. Noble creature He will be hired by his contributors; in the interests of literature he will dare all and endure all. Every contributor, therefore, sends up a form signed. It is thus conceived: Sir, Wishing to contribute to your magazine, I send you M.S. entitled and in the event of its acceptance for an appearance in your next number I agree to purchase — dozen copies of the magazine (Signed) An appearance in this magazine will, doubtless, be highly prized by the contributor. Fifty dozen at least, at sixpence, which is £15, is not pay too high for a magazine article. One has heard of £50. Let the contributor value his article himself, and order as many dozen at sixpence each as will amount to that sum. In another place will be found a few observa- tions on the proposed “Net” system. It is very much to be hoped that all members will forward to the secretary their opinion and their reasons. The two points which seem to concern authors most are (I) whether the adoption of the “Net” system would materially raise the price of books; and (2) whether the rise in prices would not so far check the sale of books as to counterbalance any advantage gained by an increase in price. There are other questions, such as the danger of interfering with the great advance made during the last few years by the public as buyers of books; the danger of interference with the course of trade; the danger of making the bookseller a mere mechanical distributor—in other words, of con- verting what used to be a centre of literary information into a railway stall; and the doubt whether a “Net’ system can ever be enforced— in other words, whether the bookseller would not go on as before giving discount for cash. Mr. Sherard sends word that in his reference to the Goldsmith tomb he was mistaken. As for me, I was under the impression that some- thing was wrong with the tomb. So there is, but not what we supposed ; the name is clearly cut, but unfortunately it is not certain that the tomb is Oliver's. Under these circumstances one has only to express thanks to those who kindly offered their assistance. A new monthly magazine is to be started. It offers the unprecedented attraction of an astro- logical horoscope free for all subscribers, with the privilege of asking three astrological questions. After this we may expect another, which will tell the fortunes of every subscriber by the oracle of coffee grounds with the right of asking three  ## p. 182 (#196) ############################################ I 82 THE AUTHOR. questions on the domestic omens, such as crossed knives, spilled salt, and the influence on fate of black cats, piebald horses, and the man with a squint. Mr. Gosse has arrived at a time of life which prompts to serious reflections on the flight of time. Everybody at forty gets these reflections. “Wait till you come to forty year.” They pass, these reflections; in the fifties one feels younger than in the forties. Perhaps, in the sixties, one may feel younger still. We ought to, considering how short a time remains for cheerfulness. How- ever, the motto to the new volume of verse, “In Russet and Silver,” is quite in the vein of the forties: - Life, that, when youth was hot and bold, Leaped up in scarlet and in gold, Now walks by graver hopes possessed In russet and in silver dressed. Whether in russet and silver or in scarlet and gold, it is the same music and the same musician; the certain touch and the unexpected phrase; the true word to fit the thought ; the perfect dexterity and mastery of the metre ; these are qualities which we have long since recognised; and as yet there is no sign of any younger poet— “in scarlet and in gold *-disputing the supe- riority of Mr. Gosse in these essentials. The Authors’ Club distinguished itself on the 19th Nov. by holding its monthly dinner in honour of Anthony Hope. The room, which is too small for such festivities, was quite full, and there were but two speeches, that of the chair- man, Mr. Oswald Crawfurd, and that of the guest of the evening. Among the men of distinction who have thus been entertained are Zola and Rudyard Kipling. And now comes Anthony Hope. It is a pleasing feature of the club to pay this tribute to men who have risen or are certainly rising. Authors are too often accused of jealousy and spite. There was no show either of jealousy or of spite in the dinner of the 19th, but only the general desire to recognise and to honour good work wherever it is found. The club, which is now two years old, may be lcoked upon as established. The rooms are extremely pleasant, and have a position as central as can be desired. The members are all connected with literature. Up to the present it has been more of a lunching than a dining club. Every- body is supposed to know everybody else, and the club is essentially cheerful. As stated above, the rooms are too small, they will only accommodate fifty at a dinner. But if another hundred members were to come in additional rooms could be had, and there would be more elbow room. Clad in a garb of golden-green, with a charac- teristic portrait of the subject for frontispiece, is Mr. Robert Sherard’s book on Alphonse Daudet. It may be thought that Daudet exhausted the subject himself in his “Trente Ans de Paris; ” that, however, is not the case ; there is a great deal in this volume that is not in the “Trente Ans.” The author has received contributions from Madame Daudet, from Léon Daudet, from Edmond de Goncourt, from Ernest Daudet, and from Alphonse Daudet himself. The result is a full biography and a most interesting account of a most remarkable man. The best excuse for writing the book is found in the concluding words of the preface: “Since Alphonse Daudet has honoured me with his friendship, I may say, with- out exaggeration, that my life of exile has been transformed. It is, perhaps, also on account of my admiration and my affection for this great- hearted man of letters that I have worked to make others know him as I do.” WALTER BESANT. >e c3 NOTES FROM PARIS, HE following letter, which I have just T received from my friend Alphonse Daudet, is the best answer that I can give to many questions which have been asked of me as to his intention of visiting London next year: Oui ; mon bon. Sherard, j’ai l'espoir au printermps prochain, si je ne suis pas trop invalide de venir voir londres, mais non pas de me montrer ä Londres, ce qui est bien différent. Je serais heureux de vous avoir pour compagnon et cicerone tº mais je vous demanderai de me mettre à l'abri des curiosités du reportage, ce sont des vacances que je compte prendre et je suis bien décidé à me pas donner de repré- sentation dans ce beau pays que je suis si désireux de connaitre. These things being so, we may hope to see M. Daudet in London in a few months. In my great admiration for Emile Zola, I feel sorry in saying that the opinion in Paris is one of doubt as to the possible value of a book on Rome, written on information collected during a fortnight's visit. It is generally thought that Rome, from all points of view, and as a whole, is a large subject, and that its comprehension can hardly be effected in a fortnight. It must be added, however, that Zola intends to spend a long time over this book, and that “Rome,” the second volume of “Les Trois Willes” series of novels, will not appear till 1896. We were all much shocked to hear of the death  ## p. 183 (#197) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. 183 of Francis Magnard, the editor of Le Figaro, for he seemed in full strength, with years of life and activity before him. Yet certainly he looked very grey and worn when I last saw him. The Figaro was a fighting paper, and all fighting exacts nerve and muscle and uses and wears. He was a con- scientious and a most hard-working man, who gave himself up entirely to his paper. Most of his time was spent at the office in the Rue Drouot. I am afraid I cannot agree with those who have written in praise of his daily leaderette in the Figaro. It was writing after the style and in the manner of thought of Joseph Prudhomme. But good editors of large papers are rarely good writers. Willemessant, the founder of the Figaro, could not string six lines of tolerable prose together, yet he was certainly one of the best editors who ever lived. Magnard wrote very quickly, though his work seemed laboriously evolved. He told me once that he always asked himself, on sending the paper to the press, what Willemessant would have thought about the number, both as a whole and in detail, and felt quite nervous on the subject, so completely had he been disciplined by his former chief. I may add that Magnard used to deny being a Belgian by extraction, and used to get very angry when he was attacked as such in the rival papers. I may also add that M. de Rodays, the present editor, had been designated by de Villemessant in his will to succeed Magnard, in the case of the latter's retirement or death. M. de Rodays’ successor was also named in the same clause. The biggest succés de librairie of the year in Paris has been Marcel Prevost’s novel “Les Demi-Vierges.” It is, I see, in its 15oth edition. Exceptionally these are editions of only 500 copies, whereas the French edition usually con- sists of IOOO copies. The book is exceedingly well written, but the subject is a nauseating one, and this success is not one on which his friends can congratulate M. Marcel Prevost. J. H. Rosny, who is translating George Moore's novel “Esther Waters ” for publication in feuil- leton form in Le Gaulois, is by many, including Daudet, Zola, and de Goncourt, considered one of the first writers of French fiction living in France to-day. His “Le Bilateral” is undoubtedly a masterpiece, complicated as its style and bitter as is the author's philosophy. Rosny has had a very troubled and miserable life, and lives none knows where. He hides his address, and is under- stood to be in unfortunate circumstances. His books do not sell well, and he is indifferent to popularity, in which respect he may be compared to J. K. Huysman. I heard a story in Paris the other day of how a literary “ghost " revenged himself on a too WOL. W. unscrupulous employer. He had been engaged to write a feuilleton, for which his employer, a very well-known Parisian novelist, had received an order. The original arrangement was that the ghost should receive a penny a line—the well- known Parisian novelist, it may be mentioned, was to receive fivepence a line, and, of course, he signed the story with his own illustrious name; but after some instalments had been printed, the ghost was informed by his employer, who, in the meanwhile, had found out that his hack was in desperate circumstances, that in the future he would only be paid one halfpenny a line. He was forced to submit, but at once introduced into his story two fresh characters, whose names were simple transpositions of his employer's name and his own, of which one was a well-known novelist and the other a starving literary hack, and showed how the novelist engaged the hack to write a serial story at the rate of a penny a line, and afterwards reduced this to a halfpenny a line, and how the hack to revenge himself introduced, under transposed names, into this serial two fresh characters, one of which was a novelist and so on. The novelist sweater was away enjoying himself whilst these instalments were appearing, and one can imagine his feelings on his return to Paris. It is needless to add that the story was considerably revised before being republished in volume form. Why are almost all the books supplied to the public in England bound P Is not the French system of publishing all works merely in paper covers preferable? To begin with, an unbound book can be supplied cheaper than a bound book. Then, many book buyers like to bind their books according to their own taste in the matter of binding. Some like the bindings of their books to be in some degree symbolical of their contents, who would bind Haggard in red, George Ohnet in pale blue, Poe in black, and so on. Others like uniformity, and, indeed, so varied are the colours of book backs as sold to-day, that a library shelf often presents a ghastly combination of colours. There is, of course, a great deal to be said on both sides of the question. At the same time, I do not think that the bookbinders would lose by the change. . They would have less cheap binding to do, but far more reliures d'amateur, which are really profitable. -- f have been told that my note on Oliver Gold Smith's grave in last month's Author is un- founded and uncalled for, that the grave is in good condition, and well kept. I am not of this opinion, nor am I alone in this respect. “What would you more?” I have been asked. Well, to begin with, a railing round the tomb. I saw a butcher's boy sitting on it the other day. * * S  ## p. 184 (#198) ############################################ 184 THE AUTHOR. I have heard the strange story since I came to London of a high judicial functionary who many years ago published, with one of the most reputable firms in London on the half-profit system, an important work on an important political question. It is several years since any account was rendered, and though the book had then passed through eight editions, all that the high judicial functionary received as his share was Is. 7#d. The book has been selling since, but the author has never received another penny. And he is not very satisfied, and says things about publishers which are not judicial nor quite justi- fiable. Weyman has made up his mind to take a year's complete rest as soon as “The Red Cockade" is finished. I am told that this is the very best thing this genius has ever written, by people who have read the opening chapters, now in Jerome's hands. Apropos of the title of this book, are we about to pass from the “yellow * to the “red.” Every- thing was yellow a short while ago in matter of literature. And now, in matter of literature, things are mostly red. There are Weyman’s titles in red, there is Morley Roberts's “Red Earth,” there is Francis Gribble’s “The Red Spell,” there is a novel called “The Crimson Sign,” and, of course, there is Conan Doyle’s “Round the Red Lamp.” In the future all things may be green, as most bindings are, by the way, at the present hour, and so it shall go on. I am very glad to hear that John Davidson's last book of poems is selling exceedingly well; 500 copies were taken before the book was pub- lished. Many people, as a mere commercial speculation, are buying up copies of the “Ballads and Songs.” All this is well, for John Davidson, a poet and a most genial man, has fought a hard fight, and merits success and ease. His life has been a life of heroism. R. H. SHERARD. *~ * ~ * r- - --> NOTES FROM NEW YORK. New York, Nov. Io. HE death of Dr. Holmes not only caused the usual feelings of personal loss aroused when any honoured author leaves us," but additional sorrow was felt since with his decease the great New England group of authors ended. In the early part of this century, when Irving, Cooper, Bryant, and Fitz-Greene Halleck lived in New York, the literary centre was here, but before the middle of the century Emerson, Tongfellow, Whittier, Lowell, Hawthorne, and FIolmes revealed themselves, and the glory of the school as well as of a life that we deplore. New England group was greater than that of the Rnickerbocker school, as the New Yorkers had been called. Professor Norton, of Harvard College, recently remarked that, “they all wrote with a moral. They had, too, a touch of Puritanism. They were stirred to write often not so much from the impulse of the imagination as because they were impelled to teach some lessons and do some good that way. It was just at the war period, and all continued on the same side. They were all warriors in a sense.” Thus it is the closing of a Since Dr. Holmes wrote “Old Ironsides " the popula- tion of the United States has quadrupled, and the country can no longer be said to have one literary centre. In all directions have sprung up authors who write what has been called “ local fiction,” that is to say, they chiefly devote their efforts to depicting the life around them. This is a recent development, and, although there is now no one great group, there are many more accomplished authors than there were formerly, and the average of merit is undoubtedly higher. It is a sign that good times are coming when the fall publishing trade opens well, as it has this year. Whether or not publishers suffer much during a business depression is a question often debated. Some contend, that books being a luxury, people either go without in hard times or else use the free libraries. Others think that during financial depression books are sent as presents where expensive jewellery would have been purchased in prosperous years. This year, illustrated gift books, held back by hard times, make the list of announcements very large. Leading houses report that trade is at least normal. It seems to have recovered from the stagnation of the last two years, and bids fair to be better month by month as business revives. There is no boom yet, and probably will not be for a year or two longer, but the conditions are healthy. - Among the more important announcements are “The Warfare of Science,” by Mr. Andrew D. White, which has attracted much attention as the successive chapters appeared in the Popular Science Monthly; “Edwin Booth,” recollections of his daughter, with his letters to her and his friends, a part of the correspondence of which we have had a foretaste in the Century, and which revealed the great actor in a singularly noble and spiritual aspect ; “The Life and Art of Joseph Jefferson, together with some account of his ancestry and of the Jefferson Family of Actors,” by Mr. William Winter, a revision on the briefer biography published ten years ago; “Portraits in Plaster,” by Mr. Laurence Hutton, with  ## p. 185 (#199) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. 185 seventy-two reproductions of death-masks of famous men and women from the author's own collection of these gruesome objects, which is the largest private collection in the world; “Ilife and Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier,” the authorised biography, by his literary executor, Mr. Samuel T. Pickard ; “The Sherman Letters,” a most interesting correspondence between General Sherman and his brother, Senator Sherman, covering the entire war period; “Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau,” edited by Mr. Frank B. Sanborn, who wrote the volume on Thoreau in the series of “American Men of Letters;” “Riverby,” another volume of delightful out- door papers, by John Burroughs, the gifted disciple of Thoreau; “In the Dozy Hours and other Papers,” by Miss Agnes Repplier, whose terse little essays have gained her wide fame; “Four American Universities,” Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia, by Professors Norton, Hadley, Sloane, and Brander Matthews; “Character and Development of the Universities of Germany,” a most illuminative account by Professor Paulsen, translated by Professor E. D. Perry. Roberts Brothers have just brought out the first two volumes of a new translation of “Molière's Dramatic Works,” by Miss Katharine Prescott Wormeley, whose admirable translation of Balzac, now nearly completed, has won for her wide commendation. Longmans, Green, and Co. announce a series of “College Histories of Art,” edited by Professor John C. Van Dyke, of which the first volume to appear is the editor's own on the “History of Painting;” and the Scribner's are going to bring out the “Art of the American Wood Engraver,” by the late Philip Gilbert Hamerton, who brought to this subject a most unusual breadth of knowledge. Stone and Kimball, of Chicago, are about to issue the first complete edition of the “Works of Edgar Allan Poe,” newly collected and edited, with memoir, notes, &c., by Mr. Edmund Clarence Stedman and Professor George Edward Wood- berry; of the ten volumes to which this edition is going to extend, three are ready, and to these very probably will be added a single supple- mentary volume containing the correspondence between Poe and his friends, which will be edited by Professor Woodberry. Mr. Edmund Clarence Stedman after two years' work has finished his “Victorian Anthology,” which contains represen- tative poems by the authors discussed in his “Victorian Poets.” Americans have always made a specialty of works of reference. Three important books of this class have been lately published here. One is a supplement to the “Century Dictionary"—a seventh volume—called the “Century Cyclopædia of Names,” a pronouncing and etymological dic- tionary of names in geography, biography, mytho- logy, history, art, fiction, &c., edited by Mr. Benjamin E. Smith, who was managing editor of the “Century Dictionary,” under the late Pro- fessor Whitney. In this great work, upon which the entire editorial force of the Century has long been engaged, for the first time all the varieties of information usually obtained in bio- graphical dictionaries, geographical gazetteers, lists of characters in fiction, &c., have been arranged in alphabetical order and gathered into One volume. The selections have been made with especial regard to the wants of the general public, thus the central facts are given in large type, and in Smaller type such information as will help to a more complete understanding of the subject. Another is “A New and Complete Concordance in the Dramatic Works of Shakespeare,” by Mr. John Bartlett, to whom we are already indebted for his admirable “Dictionary of Familiar Quota- tions.” The third is Mr. S. L. Whitcomb's “Chronological Outlines of American Literature,” the first attempt to set down the chronological sequence of American books. It is on the plan of Ryland’s “Chronological Outlines of English Literature,” but on a much more liberal scale. A fourth elaborate book of reference could not be got ready in time for the fall trade. This is the great “Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiqui- ties,” which Professor Peck, of Columbia College, is editing for Harper and Brothers. It is to be fully illustrated, and will probably appear in the Spring. The British novelist is to have better showing than usual next year in American magazines, although a large percentage of the serials will be by American authors. Mr. Thomas Hardy’s “Sim- pletons’’ is the chief serial of Harper's Monthly. In Harper's Weekly Mr. Stanley J. Weyman's romance, “The Red Cockade,” begins in the first January number, and will be followed in July by Mr. Brander Matthews's novel of New York, “His Father's Son.” In Harper's Bazar the first serial is Maarten Maartens’ “My Lady Nobody,” and the second is a southern story, “Doctor Warwick's Daughters,” by Mrs. Richard Harding Davis. In Scribner's will appear Mr. George Meredith’s “Amazing Marriage,” and Mr. Barrie's “Sentimental Tommy,” besides Mr. Howell's shorter serial, “The Story of a Play.” The Century's two serials are both by American authors—“Casa Braccia,” by Mr. Marion Craw- ford, and “An Errant Wooing,” by Mrs. Burton Harrison; and so are the two stories announced by the Atlantic, Mrs. Mary Halleck Foote's “The  ## p. 186 (#200) ############################################ 186 THE AUTHOR. Thumpeter,” and Mrs. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward’s “A Singular Life.” - It has never been the custom of our magazines to limit their serials to fiction alone; indeed, some of their greatest successes have been with works such as no British magazine ever ventures upon. The War series of the Century doubled its circulation in twelve months; and forty years ago a Life of Napoleon gave Harper's its first impetus. Now the Century begins a Biography of Napoleon, by Professor W. M. Sloane, which has been in preparation for five years, and during two of that period special agents have been ran- sacking Europe for illustrative material. The Century will also contain Mrs. Van Rensel- laer's series of papers on the French Cathedrals, for which Mr. Joseph Parnell has made many striking illustrations. Scribner's will contain, beginning in the January number, “The History of the Last Quarter-Century in the United States,” by President E. Benjamin Andrews, in which he has endeavoured to cover that period of history about which we are apt to know least— from the time school histories end (usually with the War of the Republic) up to the present year. The Atlantic will shortly publish a series of papers by Mr. John Fiske on Virginia, “The Old Dominion and her Sister Colonies.” An interesting copyright trial has just ended. A New York daily paper, the World, printed, before its official use, the ode written by Miss Harriet Monroe, of Chicago, for the dedication of the World’s Fair buildings, two years ago. The purloined version contained typographical errors, which the author claimed had injured her in purse and reputation. In his charge the judge told the jury that little pecuniary damage had been proved, but added that punitive damages might be awarded if the defendant had been guilty of disregard of property rights. The verdict of the jury fixed the damages at £IOOO. As Miss Monroe received £200 from the World’s Fair Commissioners for her ode, she will have gained £1200 by one brief occasional poem. We are often said to be a book-buying nation, and it is evidence in favour of this assertion that nearly 100,000 copies of “Trilby’’ have been sold in less than ten weeks. So enormous has been the demand for Mr. Du Maurier's book that the Harper's Christmas publishing has been greatly retarded by the fact that they have been obliged to keep thirteen presses on “Trilby’’ alone. A sale like that indicates that “Trilby’’ has con- quered not only the regular reading class and the broad general public, but also the absolutely unliterary public. A gentleman on the train the other day overheard a girl talking to three young men. “Oh I have you read “Trilby ?’” she asked one of the men. He admitted that he had not, whereupon the young woman declared that. it was “just too lovely.” Who wrote it?” in- quired the second man. “Well,” the girl replied, “it’s translated from the French of a man named Moriar, and it's illustrated by a man named * 5 y Whistler. HALLETT ROBINSON. *- ~" -* w wºrs PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON. A PERSONAL REMINISCENCE. By Mr. Justice ConDí, WILLIAMs (of Mauritius). N spite of the blinds and the persiennes, the I afternoon September sun streamed into that little café at Autun, where we sat drinking bocks, and playing dominoes, and jabbering as only Frenchmen mostly jabber. g The ever watchful patron bustled up to me, and said, mysteriously—“See that gentleman who has just entered? He is a compatriot of yours.” There, at a table by himself, sat a brown-bearded, middle-aged man, looking cer- tainly, except for the flowing ends of his necktie, not one bit like a Frenchman. As the witty dean said, “One doesn’t go abroad to meet one’s compatriots.” As a rule, to tell the honest truth without affectation, I generally, for divers reasons, give mine a wide berth, But there was a wise and kindly look about this man's bronze and honest face, and withal a humorous twinkle in his eye as he calmly surveyed his noisy surroundings, which urged me to take the other place opposite to him at his small round table. So, when our game was over, I consoled my little Louise with a Monde Illustré and a groseille, and went and sat there. Of course, I knew the “Portfolio,” and Mr. Hamerton, by name, but I had forgotten that he lived in France, and near Autun; if, indeed, anybody had ever told me so. . However, the ice once broken, and it was very easily broken, we proved to have many friends and many sympathies in common ; and, although ten years my senior, he seemed to take quite a paternal interest in me when he heard that, at five-and-twenty years of age, I had become the editor of a daily newspaper in England. Next day I walked three miles out of Autun, to his pretty country place to breakfast, and made the acquaintance of his charming family—his wife, a French lady, two bi-lingual sons, and a little daughter. Afterwards we talked for a long time in his small study, or studio—literature and art equally well represented upon its bookshelves and in their surroundings. Had I understood  ## p. 187 (#201) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. 187 more about etching and lithography, I should have been more deeply interested. But never was a more modest and less egotistical man than Philip Gilbert Hamerton, And seeing that newspapers and books mainly interested me, he talked little save of newspapers and books. But before we parted he placed in my hands, as a souvenir, an early copy (in the Tauchnitz edition) of “Mar- morne,” just then on the point of publication. As I grasped his hand I looked up to the wooded hills of Le Morvan, which formed a sombre back- ground to his cheerful country villa. “It must be lonely, here, in the winter P” “Yes,” he said “but what does that signify P I am always occupied.” “Any wolves or wild boars about P’’ “There are some,” he replied, and laughed at a reminiscence. “One frosty moonlight night last January, I went out to lock the stable, and met a lean, grisly wolf, face to face, just upon the threshold of this door. We seemed both very vastly astonished, and we both drew back a pace or two involuntarily. Then I said to the wolf, on the impulse of the moment: What on earth are you doing here? Perhaps it was being addressed in English that frightened him, I don't know ; but without taking further notice of my query, he turned round and walked slowly away.” #: $: :}; $: $: $: Note that at same café at Autun, some fourteen years later, an Englishman entered just as two or three tradesmen, habitués of the place, were taking their post-prandial gloria, “Monsieur has doubtless come to inspect the antiquities?” volunteered one of them, after the pause which, in a small community, often follows the sudden entrance of a strange newcomer. “No ;” I said to the patron —not the same patron as of yore—“but, before I venture as far as the Maison du pré, I would ask you for news of Monsieur Hamerton.” 4. There was quite an excitement in the place. Hamerton, with his quiet sympathetic ways, a long resident, a distinguished Anglais, yet the husband of a Frenchwoman, was a popular man in Autun and all round it. Who else could have survived, scathless and untouched, as he did survive, all the jealous suspicion, and even overt antagonism, which were visited upon nearly every other Englishman living in provincial France during the closing months of the Franco-German struggle P “Ah ! it was most unfortunate. Monsieur had no luck. He had sustained a malheur epou- vantable, Monsieur 'Amerton (they never could manage that H), so respected as he was, and after so long a residence in the partage, had left that very day finally for Paris.” And it was a rather remarkable thing that, after so long an absence, having corresponded with my friend at very rare intervals, I should have dropped down upon Autun on the very eve of his final depar- ture. He had not actually gone—but his family and his furniture had, as I learned from good Monsieur Thomasset, of the Hotel des Negociants —and he himself was staying with a friend. I would not disturb him—I left a card for him, and on I sped to Santenoy to “assist” still older friends at their Burgundy autumn vintage. A telegram from Hamerton brought me back to Autun next day. Would I come and spend his last Autun night with him at Thomasset's interesting hotel, where you are escorted up to your bedroom walking over the gravestones of monks and abbots P Of course I went, and am thankful that I went. And a long, long talk we had over that extra bottle of Chambertin, de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis. He had had his share of misfortune, and sad misfor- tune. One of the two bright boys I had met at his table years before, a youth of high intelligence and promise, and Professor of English at a Lycée, had put an end to his life at his rooms in Paris, leaving behind him no sort of clue as to the why and the wherefore. So we were led to talk of the great mysteries of Life and Death—about matters concerning which men of middle age do not often open their hearts one to another. Later, when sauntering forth to the café, we drifted to more material subjects, and I spoke of his long career as poet, painter, and author. I remember that he said, not bitterly, but with a touch of mournfulness, after some remark of mine about the knighthood that certain distinguished English writers surely ought to have been offered, that he himself was weak enough to feel some touch of regret that he, whose work was the English work of an Englishman, could only, when the occasion demanded his wearing it, stand before the world the possessor of a French decoration for his services to art and to literature. He removed from Autun (the Augustodonum of the Romans) to Boulogne et Seine in Paris, and a friend of his in England was the recipient of his appreciative acknowledgment of these lines addressed to Hamerton in his new Parisian home : The Seine to Saone gives greeting ! O'er the sea I pen Lwtetia's welcome home to thee; And, with the wish, would fain the hand extend, Word-painter, picture-painter, poet, friend What though her vine leaves seared by autumn's blast, Awgwstodomºwm weeps her glories past— Though, “round the house ’’ thy graceful pen portrays, Fond mem'ries linger of departed days P The city’s joy outweighs the country’s pain– Awgustodomwm's loss is fair Lwtetia's gain!  ## p. 188 (#202) ############################################ I88 THE AUTHOR. And the other day—not thirty days ago—the same friend received from him a warm letter of welcome on returning to England after many years of judicial work abroad. He wrote cheer- fully, yet spoke of illness, of diagnosis by a Paris doctor of “hypertrophy of the heart,” and of the necessity of “following a regimen for the rest of my days.” Not for long. In a fortnight he was dead, A_*— * - _*. s—º a------5 - BOOK TALK. HE REW. CANON CHARLES D. BELL, D.D., rector of Cheltenham, has produced a new volume of verses, called “Diana's Looking Glass, and other Poems.” Canon Bell’s verses are always, to use the words of one of his critics, “sweet and wholesome.” After the low level in which we are plunged by some of our younger poets, it is pleasant to stand once more upon the heights and to feel that there are higher levels, and still higher, to be reached. times the natural note of sadness, there is never despair. Let the poet speak for himself. Come let us wake sweet Echo with a song. Here she lies sleeping, waiting for our voice, So call her loudly with a courteous tongue, That coming forth she may with us rejoice. For Morning walks in beauty o'er the dale, And Night's bright glories 'fore her splendours pale. Nymph of the hills, awake, awake Melodious answer to us make. What shall we sing to please the maiden shy, And lure her from the secret solitude, In which she dwells, withdrawn from every eye, Amid the deep recesses of the wood In whose green boughs is heard the joyous lay Of merry birds that greet the dawn of day P Echo, sweet Echo, hear no strain, Thy voice is bliss ; thy silence pain. Or shall we sing of love P. How Corydon, The shepherd boy, the fair Althea woo'd, How beauteous Thyrsis fair Nerissa won, Or fleet Alpheus Arethusa pursued, Or Cynthia stooped from heaven with look of love, While slept Endymion in the Latmian grove. Hark, comrades, hark with such a theme Steal softly on the dreamer's dream. “A Swatch o' Homespun,” by Agnes Marchbank (Edinburgh, R. W. Hunter), is a little story of a weaver in a Scotch village. The writer should be able to do better than this with study and work. Meantime she is working with good materials, and in the true spirit. “Tales of Famous Men” is the title of a series of papers which Mr. Joseph Hatton is writing for the Idler. They will be of a reminiscent cha- racter, with plenty of anecdote to justify the general title; and Mr. W. H. Margetson will If there is some- illustrate them. Mr. Hatton’s new novel, which is running in the weekly press of the old world and the new, will be published in March by Messrs. Hutchinson, who have already sold four editions of this author's latest book, “Under the Great Seal.” Mr. Hutchinson told a St. James’s Budget interviewer recently that his first great success as a publisher was with Mr. Hatton's “By Order of the Czar,” which is now in its fifteenth edition. Mr. Walter Wren has had to inform the secretary that a person is going about pretending that he is a relative of Mr. Wren, and that he is a member of the Incorporated Society of Authors. There is no member of the society named Wren. “Maud Marian, Artist” (Religious Tract Society), is a very pleasing and delicately written story by Eglanton Thorne, author of the “Old Worcester Jug,” &c., &c. The scene is laid at Rome. It is a book written and chiefly intended for girls. “Cavaliers and Roundheads in Barbados,” by N. Darnell Davis (Argosy Press, Georgetown, British Guiana), is a chapter in colonial history that was well worth the trouble of writing. The early history of Barbados is practically unknown to us. For instance, had it been known, a hundred years ago, that the right to be taxed only by their own representatives was recognised in the case of Barbados in 1652, it would not have refused to the Americans in the year 1770. There would have been no Declaration of Independence and no war. Frank Stockton's new book, called “Pomona, ’’ (Cassell), went through the first edition in advance of publication. Boys, and those who make Christmas presents to boys, are here with invited to make a note of Max Pemberton's book of adventure, “The Sea. Wolves.” “The Highway of Sorrow,” by Hesba Stretton, and * * * is a work to be noted either for buy- ing or borrowing, and certainly for reading. A second edition of Mrs. Oliphant’s new novel “Who was Lost and is Found” (Blackwood and Sons) is announced. In Mr. Fairman Ordish’s “Early London Theatres '' (Elliot Stock) we have a work of original and patient research. It is worthy of a long article in the Quarterly Review. The author has made himself the sole authority for the future on the subject of the earliest theatres of London. The Navy Records Society have in preparation a second volume of State Papers relating to the  ## p. 189 (#203) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. 189 Spanish Armada; they will next publish a volume of Naval Accounts of the Fifteenth Century. Mr. W. M. Conway has in preparation an account of the walk which he made last year from end to end of the Alps. Miss Frances Wood sends some extremely pretty Christmas cards. They are reproductions from Raphael, with verses under each. They are published by Messrs. Carr and Mason, Brunswick Works, Leamington. Mr. W. H. Besant, F.R.S., D.Sc., has in the press the ninth edition of his “Geometrical Conics,” and, as a supplement, his “Solutions of the Examples in the Geometrical Conics.” Certainly one of the most beautiful books of the season is Archdeacon Farrar’s “Life of Christ as Represented in Art.” It is illustrated by a long catena of early Christian symbols, mediaeval figures, pictures of the great masters, and by the painters of our own day, some of whom will perhaps be called great masters five hundred years hence. It is a book which should command a wide and immediate success. The publishers are Messrs. A. and C. Black. Readers are requested to make a note of “Robert Southey,” by John Dennis (Messrs. Bell.) Four biographies from one publisher (Edward Arnold). The first is “Alphonse Daudet,” by Robert Sherard; the others are Augustus Hare's “Maria Edgeworth,” Dean Hole’s “Memories,” and the Memoirs of Sir John Macdonald, by his Private Secretary. “The Memorials of St. James's Palace,” by Edgar Sheppard (Longmans), in two volumes, is really a splendid work. It is rather dear, but what is 36s. to one who loves his London P Another book for a student of the Great City is “London and the Kingdom,” by Reginald R. Sharpe, D.C.L. Dr. Sharpe is Records Clerk in the office of the Town Clerk of the City. The book is written from personal investigation of the City archives. It is a book for historians rather than itself a history. The second volume of Dr. Traill’s “Social England’’ is now ready. One is pleased to read that the book has already gone into a second edition. In translating Professor Errera’s “Russian Jews,” Miss Bella Löwy has executed a task of love. The book is an appeal for civilised treatment, fervid in its facts, which are startling, and convincing in its arguments, which are self- restrained in temper. One does not realise until the map is laid open how very small a space of the vast Russian Empire is open to the Jew for residence. He may live in Little Russia, West Russia, and South Russia; altogether over an area, very thinly populated, of one thousand miles in length by three hundred in breadth. In these pages one may read a story of persecution and oppression without parallel even in the Middle Ages. But there are charges brought against the Jews. They are moneylenders. “Yes,” replies Professor Errera in effect, “ some of them, no doubt. But four-fifths of them have no money to lend; and, besides, they are more honest than the Christian moneylender.” They sell spirits. They were made to do so. The nobles manufactured the spirit; the Jew was told to sell it. They are tricky in business. Their persecutions have made them so. And so on. The book is published by David Nutt, Strand. Professor Brander Matthews sends his new book, “Wignettes of Manhattan.” If for the pictures of New York alone, it would be a desirable volume. As a study for a stranger in New York manners, with their little differences compared with our own, the book is equally desirable. Perhaps, however, most desirable for the short stories and sketches which it contains. There is a most exciting story of a fire. There is the sketch of the broken-down man and his last dinner at Delmonico's ; and there is a visit to the slums, which is admirably done. There are more, but these will do. Here is a dainty little volume (Roxburghe Press, 3, Victoria-street, Westminster), dainty binding, dainty print, dainty paper—all to set off the translation by Julia Preston, of “The Moun- tain Lake, by the late Fredrich von Bodinstedt,” whose portrait is presented as a frontispiece. Von Bodinstedt is not widely known in this country. Indeed, of late years a strange indiffe- rence to German belles and lettres and poetry seems to have fallen upon us. The attempt of Miss Julia Preston to make a poet of meditation rather than action, and of emotion rather than passion better known, deserves encouragement. Her versification is simple and generally graceful. Here, for instance, is a little thing : When the Gates of Paradise wide open stand, Some pious souls for their reward drew near ; And a mingled multitude from every land IBow humbly down in hope, in doubt, or fear. I only of all the waiting sinners there, Shall at those portals without fear abide ; Long since on earth by thee, my Angel Fair, The Gates of Paradise were opened wide. “A Bread and Butter Miss,” by George Paston, author of “A Modern Amazon'' (Osgood, M“Ilvaine, and Co.), is a one-volume story, a  ## p. 190 (#204) ############################################ I 90 THE AUTHOR. simple, pretty little story of a girl going to stay at a country house for the first time in her life, and her adventures there. “Three Generations of English Women,” by Janet Ross, tells the story of Susannah Taylor, Sarah Austin, and Tady Duff Gordon. This is a new and revised edition. Susannah Taylor was the wife of John Taylor, one of that remarkable family which has produced so many men and women distinguished for literary and scientific ability. Mrs. Austin, her daughter, was married to a man who began life in the army and became a lawyer. His health, however, decayed. and he retired from active life. Lucie, his only child, married Sir Alexander Duff Gordon. All three ladies were as lovely as they were accom- plished. The book principally consists of letters, as delightful as letters can be. Another little book of verses and translations —this time by William E. A. Axon. (The Ancoats Skylark. John Heywood, London and Manchester.) Here is a specimen. The French words are a folk-song current in Franche Comte. Ma pauvre enfant, Qui es dessous la terre ; Ma pauvre enfant, Soulève done ta pierre. Chère maman, Donnez m'y ma chemise; Chère maman IBien fort Souffle la bise. Ma pauvre enfant, Je n'ai pas la puissance, Ma pauvre enfant A toi toujours je pense. Chère maman, J'ai les deux mains gelées; Chère maman, Fit la langue sechée. Ma pauvre enfant, J'irai dessous la terre, Tout pres de toi Pour rechauffer la pierre. A string of sonnets on the death of a child. They are sonnets which are worth attention. The book is called “A Little Child’s Wreath.” If the treatment is suggested by “In Memoriam,” the form is different. The sonnets are of some- what unequal merit. The following, it will be seen, has the true ring: A quiet southern day; a quiet sea That scarcely breaks along the level sands. An ecstasy of little children's glee : A weight of grief that no one understands. My poor child, In thy grave alone; My poor child, Iłaise up thy stone. Oh! mother dear, I want my coat of green. Oh! mother dear, The wind whistles keen. My poor child, I have not the power ; My poor child, I think of thee each hour. Oh! mother dear, My hands are icy cold ; Oh! mother dear, So stiff they will not fold. My poor child, We will not live apart ; I'll creep into thy grave And warm thee on my heart. Slow moving sails with curves of grace complete As ever beauty-loving pencil drew ; A ceaseless play of pretty hands and feet; A want for ever deep, for ever new. Peace on the teeming earth, goodwill and peace In the clear blue and floating cloudlets white; Crownéd the land with joy of her increase, Crushed my desire and vanished my delight. A seabird said, “I know, I know the pain, He will not see the summer tide again.” Mr. John B. Mackie, Fellow of the Institute of Journalists, who writes from the North-Eastern Daily Gazette, Middlesbrough, has written a book called “Modern Journalism : a Handbook for the Young Journalist.” There is plenty of room for such a book at the present moment, when the rush into journalism is opening it to the most desperate competition. The first result, one fears, will be a lowering of salaries and pay; the next step, however, will be the establishment of new papers in every direction; thirdly, the competi- tion of proprietors will run up salaries again for the best men. Mr. Mackie's book takes a man into every branch of a newspaper—shorthand writing, reporting, sub-editing, leader writing, and editing. It seems a most complete book; it is certainly one which every young journalist should study till he has it by heart. Above all, let him read, mark, and learn what is said as to silence concerning the internal machinery of the paper, and what is said, and very well said, as to the power and the responsibilities of the Press. Mr. John A. Steuart's new novel, “In the Day of Battle '' (three vols., Sampson Iow, Marston, and Co.), belongs to the school of the older romance. But the tale of battle has an interest that never palls, and there are few whose pulse will not beat quicker as they read of the doughty deeds of the long lost Donald Gordon, who is discovered in the disguise of a Bedouin freelance. Mr. Steuart has succeeded in giving his tale an almost breathless realism ; and if it is success to drive his reader on from page to page until one reaches the last he has certainly succeeded. From beginning to end the interest never flags, and that is saying much. His plot, perhaps, is not very strong nor very novel, but it serves merely as the hinge on which to hang a succession of curdling adventures dear to the heart of all boys and ImOst men. Mr. F. B. Doveton's new volume of verse is now ready. e- * *-*. CORRESPONDENCE. I.—THE LAUREATESHIP. AM very glad to see that you have taken up the question of the failure of the Government to appoint a Poet Laureate. It is now nearly two years since the vacancy occurred, and surely it behoves all authors, whether poets or not, to prevent this single recognition of literature by the State being abandoned if they can prevent it. If chaplains or physicians to the Queen were to cease to be appointed, would not the discontent of the clergy and the doctors make itself felt P  ## p. 191 (#205) ############################################ THE AUTHOR. I9 I The salary is only £75 a year. It does not matter a penny postage to any of us except the person appointed, upon whom the choice of the Queen may fall; but I say that it is a slight to all of us that no appointment should be made. Nov. 19. A PROSE WRITER. II.-SPLITTING INFINITIVES. There is a point in connection with composition on which your advice might be of essential service to young writers. I wrote a book— the name of which I give for your private information—that was favourably reviewed by various papers, and very properly slated by a cer- tain critic; the unforgivable error I had com- mitted being the splitting of infinitives. But, discussing this matter with a literary friend, I inquired whether it was allowable ever to split a verb at all; the reply being promptly in the negative. I accepted this dictum, and proposed to myself an earnest study of the writings of our great masters, so that I might improve my own defective style. For it occurred to me, and it may have occurred to others, that it is often very difficult to give the proper sense to a sentence, by a too rigid and pedantic adherence to what, for all I know to the contrary, may be a very sound rule. I have, however, given up my proposed search, for by the merest chance I came across, in the Standard of the 7th inst., a letter from Mr. Froude to Dr. Fischer, of Armagh, dated the 5th May, 1882. Certainly Mr. Froude nowhere splits his infini- tives; but the accompanying extracts from that letter show that Mr. Froude was in the habit of repeatedly splitting his other tenses. The italics are my own, and are inserted merely to mark where it would seem to me that the infractions of an accepted rule have occurred:—“Your book which you have so kindly sent me,” &c.—“I have only to tell you,” &c.—“ and will, by and bye, be universally accepted,” &c.—“ which he was all his life insisting on,” &c.—“that he alone in the British empire saw,” &c. Thus in a letter of thirty-four printed lines, the great historian five times splits his verbs. The question then is, whether this practice is or is not permissible?—Your obedient servant, 1588. III.-CRITICAL AND EDITORIAL AMENITIES. The editor has, I fancy, rather misunderstood my drift in my letter on “Editorial Amenities,” in last Author. (1) I complained of the lack of common courtesy in no eaglanation being given of the change of front. (2) I did not want reasons. I only wished to know the fate of MSS. (4) I did not expect the critic to change his opinion, but I reckoned on his having generosity enough to be glad his verdict was falsified in re the Fairy Tale, and to tell me so. (5) An editor who professed to value highly his contributor— as was the case here—would have been compli- mented by being asked for a review by him. Resentment seems absurd. Toes it not P AN AUTHOR. *— - ~" ,-- - - NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS, Theology. ANGLICAN PULPIT LIBRARY. Sermons, Outlines, and Illustrations for the Sundays and Holy Days of the Year ; Original and selected. In 6 vols. Vol. I., Advent to Christmastide. Hodder and Stoughton. I 58. AsHLEY, JoBN M. Cogitationes Concionales, being 216 short Sermon Reflections, founded upon the “Summa Theologica, ’’ of S. Thomas Aquinas. In 12 monthly parts. Part I., paper covers. Hodges. IS. net. BRUCE, ALExANDER. B. St. Paul’s Conception of Christianity. Edinburgh : T. and T. Clark. 7s. 6d. CHURCHILL, REv. STUART. Christ as a Citizen. A Sermon. Baines and Scarsbrook. Paper covers, 2d. DAVIDSON, RANDALL, T. A Charge delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of Rochester, October, 1894. Paper boards. Macmillan. ExELL, REv. Josh PH S. The Biblical Illustrator. Romans. Two vols. Nisbet. 7s.6d. each. GooDHEART, C. A. Advent Thoughts on the Lord’s Prayer. S.P.C.K. 6d. GOULBURN, E. M. Thoughts on Passages of Holy Scrip- ture. J. Parker. GREGORY, REv. S. Among the Roses: and other Sermons to Children. 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